Chapter 7: Gender Flashcards
What is gender?
- the collection of psychological traits that differ between males and females
A.Gender identity?
a person’s subjective sense of being male or female
B.Sexual orientation?
an enduring personal quality that inclines people to feel romantic or sexual attraction (or a combination of these) to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than one gender
C.Gender role?
the social and behavioral norms that are generally considered appropriate for either a man or a woman in a social or interpersonal relationship.
What make sup gender?(3)
Gender Identity, Sexual orientation and Gender role
Historically, ____ and ___ dominated thinking and behaviour.
L> what was a reaction to this?
- gender stereotypes and biological determinism
L> feminist anti-biological positon
Are biological sex and gender identity separable?
- yes…….
Discordance between biological sex and gender identity causes what?
- gender dysphoria
L> people who experience significant dysphoria (discontent) with the sex they were assigned at birth and/or the gender roles associated with that sex.
L> transexual / transgender?
Gender Differences:
- Cognitive differences?
L> what does fine grained analyses reveal ?
A. Male-female differential in spatial, mathematical and verbal abilities is small with wide overlap
B. Fine grained analyses reveal complex differences within all three categories
Gender Differences: - Personality Differences L> Aggressiveness L> People vs thing related interests? L> differences in moral sense ? L>Self esteem? L> Emotional sensitivity?
- M>F ( d=0.4-0.5)
- Women have people related and males have thing related interests
- women’s based on caring, men’s on justice and rules ( d=0.2-0.3)
- M>F (d=0.2-0.3)
L> could be biased by elf reports and male distortion - F>M
L> women are better at decoding other peoples emotions, more expressive of their own and more likely to take another persons perspective.
Sexuality:
- casual, premarital and extra marital sex is more permissive in which sex?
- males
Sexuality:
- Sources of Attraction? (4)
- Age (D=0.9) men are attracted to younger women and women are attracted to older men…evo?
- Physical Attractiveness (d=0.6); males are more concerned with this
- Status or wealth ( d=0.5); women are more concerned with this
- Visual Sexual stimuli (d=1.3)…men are more interested in this
Sexuality:
- what are the two types of jealousy?
- Emotional jealous - women (protection)
2. Sexual jealousy - males (passing of genes)
Sexuality:
- which sex is more commonly found to partake in masturbation?
- males
L> d=0.96
Sexuality:
- which sex reports:
L> more frequent sexual intercourse, younger age of first intercourse and larger number of sexual partners
- what can exaggerate these responses?
- males
- differences in reporting may exaggerate these male characteristics
Sexuality: 1.Homosexuality 2. Bisexuality - which is more common in men and women? L> who has more casual partners?
- M>F
- F>M
- homosexual males….two males have equivalent attitudes
Many gender differences arise when in life?
early
Many gender differences arise early in life:
List the five!
- at one years old kids can distinguish sex differences
- Gender constancy develops at 3-4 years old ( this is when they realize their sex is fixed and cannot be changed )
- Recognition of own sex at 2-3 years old
- Toy preferences diverge by 18 months
- An assortment of other behaviours show gender divergence from 2 through mid teens
Biological Factors Influence Gender:
- is evolution a probable explanation?
- yes but hard to prove
Biological Factors Influence Gender:
-Influence of evolution could be seen in what three areas?
- cognitive skills
- interest in casual sex
- jealousy
Biological Factors Influence Gender:Explain toy preferences?
- monkeys ?(disproves what?)
- CAH girls prove what?
- share human like toy preference…..males like the mechanical aspect not the truck itself….
L> disproves feminists belief that these are conditioned…..if they were we would not see them in monkeys! - sex hormones influence toy preference
Life Experiences Influence Gender:
- Socialization
L> what is the primary social influence?
- what are two other forms?
- family L> see Rust et al. - Rewards and punishments - imitation L> children watching films featuring male and female characters will eye track those of their own gender -
Life Experiences Influence Gender:
- what is an example of the power of socialization by the media?
- The case of the Canadian town called Notel ( no television)
- two hers after television arrived, attitudes of children became more stereotypical and rigid
Life Experiences Influence Gender:
- Cognitive developmental models? (3)
- Gender Constancy theory - The child knows a person gender stay the same regardless of changes in the person’s activitives or appearance. For example, A 6 or 7 year old who had reached this stage knows a person gender stay the same when a person dressup like a member of the other sex or when a person does cross-sex activities.
- Gender schema theory - frame work of ideas about gender that influences perceptions, judgements and memories (based on either /or logic no in-between for feminine and masculine)
- Sexual script theory -sexual behaviour is a form of role playing with parts that are learned. (people place reliance on these crypts when interacting on dates etc)
