Chapter 14- Social Psychology

Question 1

attitude

Answer 1

a set of beliefs and feelings, evaluative, meaning that they are necessarily positive or negative

Question 2

mere exposure effect

Answer 2

the more one is exposed to something, the more one will come to like it

Question 3

central route persuasion

Answer 3

being persuaded by deeply processing the content of the message

Question 4

peripheral route persuasion

Answer 4

being persuaded by other aspects of the message including the characteristics of the person imparting the message

Question 5

cognitive dissonance

Answer 5

the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors and when they do not they experience unpleasant mental tension and dissonance

Question 6

foot-in-the-door

Answer 6

if you can get people agree to a small request, they will become much more likely to agree to a follow-up request that is much greater

Question 7

door-in-the-face

Answer 7

after people refuse a large request, they will look more favorably upon a follow-up request that seems, in comparison, much more reasonable

Question 8

norms of reciprocity

Answer 8

people have the tendency to feel obligated to reciprocate kind behavior

Question 9

attribution theory

Answer 9

theory that tries to explain how people determine the cause of what they observe

Question 10

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 10

the phenomenon that the expectations we have about others can influence the way those others behave

Question 11

fundamental attribution error

Answer 11

the tendency to overestimate the importance of dispositional factors and underestimate the importance of situational factors

Question 12

collectivist culture

Answer 12

a culture that stresses a person’s link to various groups such as family or company

Question 13

individualistic culture

Answer 13

a culture that stresses the importance and uniqueness of the individual

Question 14

false-consensus effect

Answer 14

the tendency for people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them

Question 15

self-serving bias

Answer 15

the tendency to take more credit for good outcomes than bad outcomes

Question 16

just-world bias

Answer 16

a bias toward thinking that bad things happen to bad people

Question 17

stereotype

Answer 17

ideas about what members of different groups are like, influence the way we interact with members of these groups

Question 18

prejudice

Answer 18

an underserved, usual negative, attitude toward a group of people

Question 19

ethnocentricism

Answer 19

the belief that one’s culture is superior to others, specific kind of prejudice

Question 20

discrimination

Answer 20

an action, when one acts on their prejudices

Question 21

out-group homogeneity

Answer 21

people tend to see members of their own group as more diverse than members of other groups

Question 22

in-group bias

Answer 22

a preference for members of ones own group

Question 23

superordinate goals

Answer 23

a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all

Question 24

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 24

the feeling of frustration makes aggression more likely

Question 25

bystander effect

Answer 25

the larger the number of people who witness an emergency situation, the less likely any one is to intervene

Question 26

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 26

the larger the group of people who witness a problem, the less responsible any one individual feels to help

Question 27

pluralistic ignorance

Answer 27

people seem to decide what constitutes appropriate behavior in a situation by looking to others

Question 28

social facilitation

Answer 28

the presence of others improves task performance

Question 29

social impairment

Answer 29

when the task being observed by others is a difficult on rather than a simple, well-practiced skill, being watched by others actually hurt performance

Question 30

conformity

Answer 30

the tendency of people to go along with the views or actions of others

Question 31

obedience

Answer 31

the willingness of people to do what another asks them to do

Question 32

group norms

Answer 32

(in a group) rules about how group members should act

Question 33

social loafing

Answer 33

when individuals do not put in as much effort when acting as part of a group as they do when acting alone

Question 34

group polarization

Answer 34

the tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than the group members would make individually

Question 35

groupthink

Answer 35

the tendency for some groups to make bad decisions, occurs when group members suppress their reservations about the ideas supported by the group

Question 36

deindividualization

Answer 36

when people in a group do things they never would have done if on their own such as looking or rioting, occurs when group members feel anonymous and aroused

Question 37

Richard LaPiere

Answer 37

attitude experiment, restaurants said they refuse to serve Chinese customers but in reality did not

Question 38

Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith

Answer 38

cognitive dissonance experiments, paying people to say they enjoyed a boring task

Question 39

Harold Kelley

Answer 39

came up with the theory that people make attributions based on three types of information; consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus

Question 40

Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson

Answer 40

self-fulfilling prophecy experiment, teachers positive expectations lead to higher test scores

Question 41

Muzafer Sherif

Answer 41

superordinate goals experiment, intergroup prejudice,

Question 42

John Darley and Bibb Latane

Answer 42

bystander effect experiments

Question 43

Solomon Asch

Answer 43

conformity experiment, people don't want to contradict the opinions of a group

Question 44

Stanley Milgram

Answer 44

obedience experiment, authority figure and shocks

Question 45

Irving Janis

Answer 45

coined the term "groupthink"

Question 46

Philip Zimbardo

Answer 46

Stanford prison experiment

Question 47

dispositional or person attribution

Answer 47

when you attribute someone's actions to their individual characteristics/personality

Question 48

situation attribution

Answer 48

when you attribute someone's actions to a situational factor

Question 49

stable attribution

Answer 49

when you think that an outcome or someone's action consistently occurs and is not a one-time occurance

Question 50

unstable attribution

Answer 50

when you think that an outcome or someone's action is a one-time occurance and does not consistently occur

Question 51

consistency (attribution)

Answer 51

how similarly the individual acts in the situation over time

Question 52

distinctiveness (attribution)

Answer 52

how similarly this situation is to other situations in which the person has been observed

Question 53

consensus (attribution)

Answer 53

how others in the same situation have responded

Question 54

instrumental aggression

Answer 54

when the aggressive act is intended to secure a particular end

Question 55

hostile aggression

Answer 55

when the aggressive act has no clear purpose

Question 56

similarity (attraction)

Answer 56

we are drawn to people who are similar to us, those who share our attitudes, backgrounds, and interests

Question 57

proximity (attraction)

Answer 57

the greater the exposure one has to another person, the more one generally comes to like that person

Question 58

reciprocal liking (attraction)

Answer 58

the more someone likes you, the more you will probably like that person