Chapter 6- Learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

a long lasting change in behavior resulting from experience

Question 2

acqusition

Answer 2

when the subject responds to the CS without of presentation of the US and has acquired a new behavior

Question 3

extinction

Answer 3

the process of unlearning a behavior

Question 4

spontaneous recovery

Answer 4

sometimes, after a conditioned response has been extinguished and no further train of the animals has taken place, the response briefly reappears upon presentation of the conditioned stimulus

Question 5

generalization

Answer 5

the tendency to respond to similar CSs

Question 6

discrimination

Answer 6

subjects can be trained to tell the difference between various stimuli

Question 7

classical conditioning

Answer 7

people and animals can learn to associate neutral stimuli with stimuli that produce reflexive, involuntary responses and will learn to respond similarly to the new stimulus as they did to the old one

Question 8

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

something that elicits a natural, reflexive response (food)

Question 9

unconditioned response

Answer 9

the natural, involuntary response (salivation)

Question 10

conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

something that, after conditioning, elicits the natural, reflexive response but would not do so without conditioning (bell)

Question 11

conditioned response

Answer 11

the response that after conditioning, elicits the natural, reflexive response but would not do so without conditioning (bell)

Question 12

aversive conditioning

Answer 12

subjects can be conditioned to have a negative response to a stimuli

Question 13

second-order or higher-order conditioning

Answer 13

once a CS elicits a CR, it is possible, briefly, to use that CS as a US in order to condition a response to a new stimulus

Question 14

learned taste aversion

Answer 14

when you ingest an unusual food or drink and then become nauseous, you will probably develop an aversion to that food or drink

Question 15

operant conditioning

Answer 15

a kind of learning based on the association of consequences with one’s behaviors

Question 16

law of effect

Answer 16

if the consequences of a behavior are pleasant, the stimulus-response connection will be strengthened and the likelihood of the behavior will increase. however, if the consequences of a behavior are unpleasant, the S-R connection will weaken and the likelihood of the behavior will decrease.

Question 17

instrumental learning

Answer 17

learning in which the consequence is instrumental in shaping future behaviors

Question 18

Skinner box

Answer 18

an experimental tool that has a way to deliver food to an animal and a lever to press or disk to peck in order to get the food

Question 19

reinforcer, reinforcement

Answer 19

a desirable stimuli, the process of giving a desirable stimuli to a subject

Question 20

positive reinforcement

Answer 20

the addition of something pleasant

Question 21

negative reinforcement

Answer 21

the removal of something unpleasant

Question 22

positive punishment (punishment)

Answer 22

the addition of something unpleasant

Question 23

negative punishment or omission training

Answer 23

the removal of something pleasant

Question 24

shaping

Answer 24

reinforces the steps used to reach the desired behavior

Question 25

chaining

Answer 25

reinforces a number of responses successively in order to get a reward

Question 26

primary reinforcers

Answer 26

reinforcers that are, in and of themselves, rewarding (food, water, rest, etc.)

Question 27

secondary reinforcers

Answer 27

things we have learned to value (praise, the chance to play a video game, etc.)

Question 28

generalized reinforcers

Answer 28

reinforcer that can be traded for anything (money)

Question 29

token economy

Answer 29

a system in which, every time people perform a desired behavior, they are given a token which can be used to trade for any one of a variety of reinforcers

Question 30

reinforcement schedule

Answer 30

a schedule that determines the number of rewards per number of times a behavior is performed

Question 31

fixed interval schedule

Answer 31

reinforcement is delivered after a behavior is performed following the passage of a fixed amount of time

Question 32

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 32

reinforcement is delivered after a set number or responses

Question 33

variable interval schedule

Answer 33

reinforcement is delivered after a behavior is performed following the passage of a variable amount of time

Question 34

variable ratio schedule

Answer 34

reinforcement is delivered after a variable number of responses

Question 35

continuous reinforcement

Answer 35

when a behavior is reinforced each time it occurs

Question 36

partial-reinforcement effect

Answer 36

behaviors will be more resistant to extinction if the animal has not been reinforced continuously

Question 37

instinctive drift

Answer 37

the tendency for animals to forgo rewards to pursue their typical patterns of behaviors

Question 38

observational learning or modeling

Answer 38

people and animals learn by observing others

Question 39

latent learning

Answer 39

learning that becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it

Question 40

insight learning

Answer 40

occurs when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem

Question 41

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 41

inadvertently discovered classical conditioning while studying digestion in dogs

Question 42

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner

Answer 42

conditioned a little boy named Albert to fear a white rat

Question 43

John Garcia and Robert Koelling

Answer 43

experiments illustrating biological preparedness in classical conditioning

Question 44

Edward Thorndike

Answer 44

one of the first people to research operant conditioning, cat in puzzle box experiment

Question 45

B. F. Skinner

Answer 45

best known psychologist to research operant conditioning, invented the Skinner box

Question 46

Robert Rescorla

Answer 46

revised the Pavlovian model of classical conditioning to take into account a more complex set of circumstances, contingency model, cognitive view of classical conditioning

Question 47

Albert Bandura

Answer 47

studied modeling and observational learning, Bobo doll experiment

Question 48

Edward Tolman

Answer 48

studied latent learning in rats going through mazes

Question 49

Wolfgang Köhler

Answer 49

studied insight learning in chimpanzees

Question 50

delayed conditioning

Answer 50

most effective form of classical conditioning, when the CS is presented, and while it is still occurring, the US is presented

Question 51

trace conditioning

Answer 51

the presentation of the CS, followed by a short break, followed by the presentation of the US

Question 52

simultaneous conditioning

Answer 52

CS and US are presented at the same time

Question 53

backward conditioning

Answer 53

US is presented first and is followed by the CS, particularly ineffective

Question 54

salient stimuli

Answer 54

easily noticeable stimuli that create a more powerful conditioned response

Question 55

escape learning

Answer 55

allows one to terminate an aversive stimulus

Question 56

avoidance learning

Answer 56

allows one to avoid the unpleasant stimulus altogether

Question 57

Premack principle

Answer 57

the idea that the reinforcing properties depend on the situation, whichever of two activities is preferred can be used to reinforce the activity that is not preferred

Question 58

contiguity model

Answer 58

Pavlovian model of classical conditioning, postulates that the more times two things are paired, the greater the learning that will take place

Question 59

contingency model

Answer 59

Rescorla's model of classical conditioning, cognitive view, A is contingent upon B when A depends upon B and vice versa, expectations and thoughts influence learning

Question 60

abstract learning

Answer 60

understanding abstract concepts such as tree or same, animals have been shown to demonstrate abstract learning as well as people