Chapter 14 The Lymphatic System

Question 1

from digestive tract by lacteals, transports them to blood stream

Answer 1

fat absorpition

Question 2

lymph capillaries that absorb fat in digestive tract

Answer 2

lacteals

Question 3

takes up excess tissue fluid and returns it to the blood stream

Answer 3

fluid balance

Question 4

works with the immune system to protect against disease

Answer 4

defense

Question 5

this forms a one way system

Answer 5

lymphatic vessels

Question 6

tiny, closed ended vessels, highly permeable due to presence of Mini valves, take up excess tissue fluid

Answer 6

lymphatic capillaries

Question 7

this is what fluid is called once within the lymphatic system

Answer 7

lymph

Question 8

structurally similar to veins, have valves to ensure one way flow of lymph, skeletal muscle contraction helps move lymph past valves

Answer 8

lymphatic vessels

Question 9

trunks merge into one of two ducts that return lymph to blood via the right and left subclavian veins

Answer 9

lymphatic trunks

Question 10

drains the left side of the head, left chest, left arm and lower body

Answer 10

thoracic duct

Question 11

drains the right side of the head, right arm and right chest

Answer 11

right lymphatic duct

Question 12

localized swelling caused by accumulation of lymph

Answer 12

edema

Question 13

cells of adaptive immune system, mature into one of two types, t cells, and b cells

Answer 13

lymphocytes

Question 14

manage immune response and attack and destroy infected cells

Answer 14

T Cells

Question 15

produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies

Answer 15

B Cells

Question 16

mark antigens for destruction

Answer 16

antibodies

Question 17

non-self-markers, present on pathogenic microorganisms

Answer 17

antigens

Question 18

phagocytize foreign substances and help activate t cells

Answer 18

maracophages

Question 19

a network like support that immune cells rest on

Answer 19

stroma

Question 20

produce reticular fibers the stroma found in lymphoid organs

Answer 20

reticular cells

Question 21

what are supporting cells that form lymphoid tissue structure and immune system cells

Answer 21

two types of lymphoid cells

Question 22

the process of blood cell formation in red bone marrow,

Answer 22

hematopoiesis

Question 23

this is where all blood cells are located including lymphocytes

Answer 23

red bone marrow

Question 24

areas where T and B cells mature

Answer 24

primary lymphoid organs

Question 25

located posterior to sternum, resting on superior heart, largest in infants and children and shrinks with age, where t cells mature

Answer 25

thymus

Question 26

areas where mature lymphocytes first encounter antigens and become activated

Answer 26

secondary lymphoid organs

Question 27

main secondary lymphoid organ of the body, small structures occurring along lymphatic vessels, surrounded by a capsule of connective tissues, lymphocytes filter lymph as it flows through this

Answer 27

lymph nodes

Question 28

largest lymphatic organ

Answer 28

spleen

Question 29

has a concentration of lymphocytes, where immune functions occur

Answer 29

white pulp

Question 30

sites where old blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed, rich in RBCs and macrophages that engulf them

Answer 30

Red pulp

Question 31

What does MALT stand for?

Answer 31

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

Question 32

What is included in MALT?

Answer 32

tonsils, peyers' patches and appendix

Question 33

offshoot of the first part of the large intestine (cecum) destroys bacteria within intestines, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall

Answer 33

appendix

Question 34

clusters of lymphoid nodules in wall of distal small intestine. Destroy bacteria within intestines, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall

Answer 34

peyer's patches

Question 35

located in pharynx, first to encounter pathogens entering the body through the nose and mouth via food and air

Answer 35

tonsils

Question 36

What is the innate defenses made up of

Answer 36

first and second line of defences

Question 37

Describe first line of defense

Answer 37

it is the external body membranes; surface barriers are skin and mucous membranes along with their secretions. Physical barrier to most microorganisms. Skin and mucous membranes also produce antimicrobial chemical like acids, enzymes, mucin and defesin

Question 38

Describe the second line of defense

Answer 38

antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes and other cells, this is necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissue

Question 39

White blood cells that ingest and digest foreign invaders via process of phagocytosis

Answer 39

phagocytes

Question 40

pathogen engulfed and broken down by phagocytes

Answer 40

phagocytosis

Question 41

WBCs that attack and directly kill cancer cells, virus infected cells and cells recognized as non self

Answer 41

Natural killer cells

Question 42

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation of inflammatory response

Answer 42

redness, heat, swelling and pain

Question 43

What are the stages of inflammatory response

Answer 43

1. release of inflammatory chemicals from injured tissues 2. vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels. 3. phagocyte mobilization

Question 44

activate b cells, other t cells, and macrophages and direct immune response

Answer 44

helper t cells

Question 45

retain ability to recognize antigens for secondary immune response

Answer 45

memory t cells

Question 46

directly destroy cells with Non self antigens

Answer 46

cytotoxic t cells

Question 47

describe immunodeficiency

Answer 47

the immune system is unable to protect the body from disease, can be acquired or genetic, without treatment, infections can be fatal

Question 48

describe autoimmune diseases

Answer 48

causes unknown, some are hereditary, cytotoxic t cells or antibodies attack the body's own cell

Question 49

injection of antibodies in a medical setting

Answer 49

artificial passive immunity

Question 50

antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk

Answer 50

natural passive immunity

Question 51

occurs when ready antibodies are introduced into the body, b cells do not meet antigens so immunological memory does not occur

Answer 51

passive immunity

Question 52

in response to dead viruses via vaccines

Answer 52

artificial active immunity

Question 53

in response to actual infections by bacteria or viruses

Answer 53

natural active immunity

Question 54

when b cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against tthem

Answer 54

Active immunity

Question 55

exposure to antigen for first time, peak levels of antibodies are reached in ten days, antibody levels then declines

Answer 55

primary immune response

Question 56

Describe secondary immune response

Answer 56

re-exposure to same antigen, gives faster, more prolonged, more effective response. Memory cells provide immunological memory. Respond within hours, not days. Antibody levels pea in 2 to 3 days at much higher level, can remain high for weeks to months

Question 57

these cells make antibodies that circulate through body and bind to antigens marking them for destruction

Answer 57

plasma cells

Question 58

these cells can mount an immediate response upon secondary exposed to an antigen

Answer 58

memory b cells

Question 59

what immunity has extracellular targets (targets pathogens outside of body cells)?

Answer 59

humoral immunity

Question 60

what are the two main branches of adaptive system?

Answer 60

humoral immunity and b cells

Question 61

what are substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response, targets of all adaptive immune responses, not normally found in body?

Answer 61

antigens

Question 62

antibodies produced by b cells and circulated freely in body fluids

Answer 62

humoral immunity

Question 63

Describe the third line of defense in the adaptive defense

Answer 63

attacks particular foreign substances, takes longer to react than innate

Question 64

acidity of the skin, inhibits growth

Answer 64

acid

Question 65

lysosomes of saliva, kills microorganism

Answer 65

enzymes

Question 66

sticky mucus, lines digestive and respiratory tract, taps microorganisms

Answer 66

mucin

Question 67

antimicrobial peptides that inhibit microbial growth

Answer 67

defensins