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Psychology 201: Exam 4 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormal behavior

A

Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.

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2
Q

Deviant

A

A behavior does not conform to accepted social standards (atypical)

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3
Q

Maladaptive

A

Maladaptive behavior interferes with a person’s ability to function effectively in the world. (dysfunctional)

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4
Q

Personally distressing

A

The person engaging in the behavior finds it troubling (despair). Like women who vomits after meals.

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5
Q

Medical model

A

The view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological orgin.

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6
Q

What is the psychological approach?

A

Emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characters in explaining psychological disorders.

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7
Q

What is the sociocultural approach?

A

Emphasizes that the social contexts in which a person lives, including the individual’s culture. Important for deviance.

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8
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A

Interactions of biological factors, psychological factors (childhood), and sociocultural factors (gender) can influence abnormal behavior.

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9
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

Also called vulnerability-stress hypothesis. Theory suggesting that preexisting conditions, such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experience, may put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder.

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10
Q

DSM-5

A

The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders; the major classification of psychological disorders in the US.

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11
Q

What are the advantages to DSM-5?

A
  1. Provides a common basis for communication
  2. Help clinicians make predictions
  3. Naming the disorder can provide comfort
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12
Q

What are the disadvantages to DSM-5?

A
  1. Stigma (shame, negative reputation)
  2. Medial terminology implies internal cause
  3. Focus on weaknesses, ignores strengths.
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13
Q

Anxiety disorders and what are the types

A

Uncontrollable fears that are disproportionate and disruptive. Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder.

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14
Q

How is generalized anxiety disorder diagnoses and what are the symptoms?

A

persistent anxiety for at least 6 months, and inability to specify reasons for the anxiety.

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15
Q

What are the causes of generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Biological factors: genetic predisposition, GABA (the brain’s brake pedal) deficiency, respiration
Psychological and sociocultural factors: harsh self-standards, critical parents, negative thoughts, trauma

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16
Q

Panic Disorder: diagnosis and symptoms

A

Recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror that often occur without cause or warning.

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17
Q

Causes of panic disorder?

A

Biological factors: genetic predisposition
Psychological factors: Conditioning to CO2, high concentration=fear
Sociocultural factors: gender differences

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18
Q

Specific phobia: diagnosis and symptoms

A

An irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.

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19
Q

Specific phobia: causes

A

Psychological factors: learned
Biological factors: genetic predisposition

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20
Q

Social anxiety disorder: diagnosis and symptoms

A

Intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations.

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21
Q

Social anxiety disorder: causes

A

Biological factors: genetic disposition, neural circuitry, serotonin
Psychological factors: overprotective/ rejecting parenting, social experiences.

22
Q

What are the anxiety related disorders not classed by DSM-5

A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder

23
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): diagnosis and symptoms

A

Persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or urges to preform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce a situation.

24
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder: causes

A

Biological factors: genetic predisposition
Psychological factors: avoidance learning

25
Q

Post-traumatic stress disorder: diagnosis and symptoms

A

Symptoms develop as a result of exposure to a traumatic event, oppressive situation, natural or unnatural disasters
Could consist of flashbacks, avoidance of emotional experiences, anxiety, excessive arousal, difficulties with memory and concentration, and impulsive outbursts.

26
Q

Mood related disorders: definition, symptoms, types (including the one not on DSM-5)

A

Disturbance of mood that affects entire emotional state
Symptoms: cognitive, behavioral, or physical symptoms and interpersonal difficulties
Types: major depressive disorder
Mood related (not DSM-5): bipolar disorder.

27
Q

Major depressive disorder: diagnosis and symptoms

A

Significant and depressive episode that lasts for at least two weeks
Daily functioning is impaired
Symptoms include fatigue, sense or worthlessness, reduced interest, appetite and sleep disturbance.

28
Q

Major depressive disorder: causes

A

Biological factors: genetic disposition, underactive prefrontal cortex, regulation of neurotransmitters
Psychological factors: learned helplessness, ruminating on negative, self-defeating thoughts, pessimistic attribution
Sociocultural factors: poverty, gender differences

29
Q

Bipolar I and Bipolar II: diagnosis and symptoms

A

Characterized by extreme mood swings that include mania (overexcited, unrealistic optimism, euphoric, sleep little)
Frequency and separation of episodes: usually separated by 6 months to a year

30
Q

Dissociative disorders: definition and types

A

Sudden loss of memory or change in identity
Dissociation: protection from extreme stress or shock, problems integrating emotional memories
Types: dissociative amnesia and dissociative identity disorder (DID)

31
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Individuals experience memory loss caused by extensive psychological stress

32
Q

Dissociative identity disorder: diagnosis and symptoms

A

The same individual possesses two or more distinct personalities. Each personality has unique memories, behaviors, and relationships. Only one personality is dominate at a time.

33
Q

Dissociative identity disorder: causes

A

Extraordinarily severe abuse in early childhood. Social contagion. Mostly women. Runs in families.

34
Q

Schizophrenia Spectrum

A

Highly disordered thought. Split from reality (psychotic). Typically diagnosed in early adulthood. High suicide risk. Has psychosis

35
Q

Psychosis

A

Psychological state in which a person’s perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality.

36
Q

Schizophrenia: positive symptoms

A

Involves a distortion or an excess of normal function
1. Hallucinations and delusions.
2. Thought disorders
3. Disorders of movement

37
Q

Hullucinations

A

Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli

38
Q

Delusions

A

False, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual’s culture.

39
Q

Schizophrenia: negative symptoms

A

flat affect

40
Q

Thought disorder

A

The unusual, sometimes bizarre thought processes that are characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

41
Q

Referential thinking

A

Ascribing personal meaning to completely random events

42
Q

Movement disorders

A

The unusual mannerisms, body movements, and facial expressions that are characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

43
Q

Flat affect

A

The display of little or no emotion- a common negative symptom of schizophrenia

44
Q

Schizophrenia: cognitive symptoms

A

Attention difficulties and memory problems. Impaired ability to interpret information and make decisions.

45
Q

Schizophrenia: causes

A

Biological factors: genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities/ deterioration (enlarged ventricles), regulation of neurotransmitters (dopamine and glutamate)
Psychological factors: vulnerability: stress hypothesis
Sociocultural factors: influence how disorder progresses

46
Q

Personality disorders

A

Chronic, maladaptive, cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual’s personality.

47
Q

Antisocial personality disorder: diagnosis and symptoms

A

Guiltless law breaking, violence, deceit.
Impulsive, irritable, reckless, irresponsible

48
Q

Antisocial personality: causes

A

Biological factors: genetic, brain, and ANS differences

49
Q

Borderline personality disorder: diagnosis and symptoms

A
  1. Instability in interpersonal relationships and self-image
  2. Impulsive, insecure, unstable, and extreme emotions
50
Q

Borderline personality disorder: causes

A

Genetic
Childhood abuse
Irrational belief one is powerless, unacceptable, and that others are hostile.

51
Q

What are factors promoting suicide?

A
  1. poor health
  2. depression and anxiety
  3. immediate and severe stress
  4. substance abuse
  5. desire to die (feeling burdensome, not belonging)
  6. Acquired capability for suicide
  7. Culture of honor
  8. Gender
52
Q

What are stereotypes and stigmas?

A

Negative attitudes toward mentally ill
Avaliability heuristic
Illusory correlations
physical health risk
Successfully functioning individuals with mental illness reluctant to “come out”

Psychology 201: Exam 4 (4 decks)

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