Chapter 16

Question 1

Clinical psychology

Answer 1

The area of psychology that integrates science and theory to prevent and treat psychological disorders.

Question 2

Psychotherapy

Answer 2

A nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems.

Question 3

What are the factors in success of psychotherapy?

Answer 3

1. Therapeutic alliance (monitored)
2. Therapist expertise and personality
3. Client active engagement

Question 4

Psychodynamic therapies

Answer 4

Treatments that stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual’s problems.

Question 5

What were the goals of psychodynamic therapies?

Answer 5

1. Recognize maladaptive coping strategies
2. Identify sources of unconscious conflicts

Question 6

Dream analysis

Answer 6

A psychoanalytic technique for interpreting a person’s dreams. (manifest vs. latent)

Question 7

Transference

Answer 7

A client’s relation to the psychoanalyst in ways that reproduced or relive important relationships in the individual’s life.

Question 8

Contemporary psychodynamic therapies

Answer 8

More emphasis on conscious, less emphasis on sex.

Question 9

Humanistic approach: emphasis

Answer 9

1. Conscious thoughts
2. Self-healing
3. Self fulfillment

Question 10

Humanistic approach: goals

Answer 10

1. Self understanding
2. Personal growth

Question 11

Client-centered therapy

Answer 11

By Carl Rogers and called nondirective self-exploration. The therapist provides a warm, supportive atmosphere to improve the client’s self-concept and to encourage the client to gain insight into problems. Active listening and reflective speech. Unconditional positive regard. Empathy and genuineness

Question 12

Behavior therapies: emphasis

Answer 12

Overt behaviors change rather than insights into self or into underlying causes.

Question 13

Behavior therapies: goals

Answer 13

Reduce or eliminate maladaptive behaviors

Question 14

Systematic desensitization

Answer 14

Develop hierarchy of fearful scenes, learn relaxation techniques, and apply relaxation while imagining fearful scenes.

Question 15

Flooding

Answer 15

Intense exposure without allowing aviodance.

Question 16

Operant Conditioning Techniques

Answer 16

Unlearning of maladaptive behavior (OCD) through altered consequences.

Question 17

Applied Behavior Analysis

Answer 17

Positive reinforcement of adaptive behaviors, extinguish maladaptive behaviors, does not depend on gaining insight, particularly effect for ASD.

Question 18

Cognitive therapies: emphasis

Answer 18

1. Thoughts (cognitions) are the primary source of psychological problems
2. how we think controls how we feel.
3. Focus on overt problems (unlike Freud).
4. Structured analysis and specific guidance (unlike Rogers)

Question 19

Cognitive therapies: goals

Answer 19

Cognitive restructuring.

Question 20

Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behavior therapy

Answer 20

1. Irrational and self-defeating beliefs
2. Eliminate these beliefs through rational examination
3. Directive, persuasive, controntational

Question 21

Beck’s cognitive therapy

Answer 21

1. Illogical automatic negative thoughts
2. Identify and challenge automatic thoughts
3. Reflective, open-ended dialogue, less directive

Question 22

Cognitive-behavior therapy

Answer 22

Goal of developing self-efficacy
1. Reducing self-defeating thoughts
2. Incorporates behavior therapy
3. Self-instructional methods

Question 23

Self-instructional methods

Answer 23

Cognitive-behavior techniques aimed at teaching individuals to modify their own behavior

Question 24

Integrative therapy

Answer 24

Use of a combination of techniques from different therapies based on the therapist’s judgement of which particular methods will provide the greatest benefit for the client. Ex: dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder

Question 25

Biological therapies: definition and common forms

Answer 25

Reduce/ eliminate symptoms by altering body functioning. Common forms: drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and psychosurgery

Question 26

Antianxiety drugs

Answer 26

Drugs that reduce anxiety by making the individual calmer and less excitable; commonly known as tranquillizers.

Question 27

Antidepressant drugs

Answer 27

Drugs that regulate mood. Types are tricyclics, tetracyclics, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Question 28

Tricyclics

Answer 28

Three-ringed molecular structure, believed to work by increasing the level of certain neurotransmitters, especially norepinephrine and serotonin.

Question 29

Tetracyclic

Answer 29

Increase the levels of both norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain.

Question 30

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Answer 30

MAO. They block monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain.

Question 31

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Answer 31

Interfering on with the reabsorption of serotonin in the brain

Question 32

Lithium

Answer 32

The lightest of the soldi elements of the periodic table of elements, widely used to treat bipolar disorder.

Question 33

Antipsychotic drugs

Answer 33

Powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns in individuals with a severe psychological disorder, especially schizophrenia.

Question 34

Electroconvulsive therapy

Answer 34

1. Small electric current produces a brief seizure.
2. Used to treat major depressive disorder which has not responded to other treatments.
3. Deep brain stimulation
4. TMS

Question 35

Psychosurgery

Answer 35

A biological therapy, with irreversible effects, that involves removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve the individual’s adjustment.

Question 36

Sociocultural approaches: emphasis

Answer 36

Influence of various social/cultural factors

Question 37

Group therapy

Answer 37

A sociocultural approach to the treatment of psychological disorders that brings together individuals who share a particular psychological disorder in sessions that are typically led by a mental health profession.

Question 38

Family therapy

Answer 38

Group therapy with family members

Question 39

Couples therapy

Answer 39

Group therapy with married or unmarried couples whose major problem lies within their relationships.

Question 40

Self-Help Support Groups

Answer 40

Conducted by paraprofessionals.

Question 41

Community Mental Health

Answer 41

Deinstitutionalization (rise in homelessness), prevention, empowerment.

Question 42

Cross-Cultural Competence

Answer 42

A therapist’s assessment of his or her ability to manage cultural issues in therapy and the client’s perception of those abilities.