Chapter 15

Question 1

Psychopathology - Abnormal Psychology

Answer 1

Psychopathology (mental illness) is often seen as a failure of adaptation to the environment (maladaptive behaviour)

The failure analysis approach tries to understand mental illness by examining breakdowns in functioning

Question 2

Maladaptive Behaviour

Answer 2

Heavy drug users who are not distressed by their behaviours?

A new relationship that concerns family members?

Having a religious conversion?

Risk-taking by extreme sports enthusiasts

Question 3

Who is affected by mental illness

Answer 3

WHO - nearly ½ the world’s population is affected by mental illness, with an impact on self-esteem relationships and ability to function in everyday life.

Question 4

The Situation in Canada (CMHA, 2021):

Answer 4

In any given year, 1 in 5 Canadians experiences a mental illness.

By the time Canadians reach 40 years of age, 1 in 2 have – or have had – a mental illness

Approximately 20% of Canadian youth are affected by a mental illness or disorder

In Canada, only 1 out of 5 children receive appropriate mental health services

Question 5

DSM-5-TR

Answer 5

The DSM has grown in scope to become a major system of classification and diagnosis of mental disorders.

The DSM-5-TR includes 541 diagnostic categories and is 947 pages in length

Question 6

DSM-5: Definition of a Mental Disorder

Answer 6

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.

Question 7

Language of Mental Illness

Answer 7

Mental Illness OR Mental Disorder

Question 8

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (A D H D)

Answer 8

The D S M-5-T R states that an individual must have a minimum of six symptoms of inattention or six symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity in order to receive a diagnosis of A D H D

Question 9

Mental disorder defense

Answer 9

Legal defense proposing that people shouldn’t be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren’t of “sound mind” when committing them

Question 10

Insanity defense requires people to not know:

Answer 10

What they were doing at the time of crime

What they were doing wrong

Question 11

People can only be committed against their will if they:

Answer 11

Pose a clear and present threat to themselves or others

Are so impaired they can’t care for themselves

Question 12

Community Treatment Orders (CTOs)

Answer 12

An order issued by a physician and agreed to by an individual (and/or their Substitute

Decision Maker, under the Ontario Mental Health Act. This allows the individual to receive care and treatment in the community in lieu of detention in a hospital or psychiatric facility

Question 13

Anxiety Disorders

Answer 13

What separates anxiety disorders from other forms of anxiety is a combination of an unjustifiable degree, duration, and source of anxiety.

Most anxieties are transient and can be adaptive

Question 14

Potential Causes of Anxiety:

Answer 14

Can also learn fears by observing others or by hearing misinformation from others

Anxious people tend to think about the world in different ways from non-anxious people

Question 15

Generalized Anxiety Disorder - GAD

Answer 15

Characterized by high levels of anxiety over long period, difficult to control.

Feel tense, on edge, tired, irritable, have difficulty concentrating/sleeping.

Symptoms - trembling, palpitations, sweating, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, frequent urination.

Question 16

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Answer 16

Distressing, over-focus on details and control, perfectionist-like

Question 17

Mood Disorders

Answer 17

Moods or emotions that are extreme or unwarranted

Complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social influences

Major life events can be the precursor to Mood disorders

Different models conceptualizing mood disorders based on nature and nurture

Question 18

Major depressive disorder

Answer 18

Chronic or recurrent state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties

Question 19

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

Answer 19

Low-level depression of at least two years’ duration; feelings of inadequacy, sadness, low energy, poor appetite, decreased pleasure and productivity, and hopelessness

Question 20

Manic episode

Answer 20

Markedly inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, greatly decreased need for sleep, much more talkative than usual, racing thoughts, distractibility, increased activity level or agitation, and excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that can cause problems (like unprotected sex, excessive spending, reckless driving

Question 21

Hypomanic episode

Answer 21

A less intense and disruptive version of a manic episode; feelings of elation, grouchiness or irritability, distractibility, and talkativeness

Question 22

Bipolar disorder I

Answer 22

Presence of one or more manic episodes

Question 23

Bipolar disorder II

Answer 23

Patients must experience at least one episode of major depression and one hypomanic episode

Question 24

Cyclothymic disorder

Answer 24

Moods alternate between numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms. Cyclothymia increases the risk of developing bipolar disorder

Question 25

Postpartum depression

Answer 25

A depressive episode that occurs within a month after childbirth in up to 15 percent of mothers. A much more serious condition, postpartum psychosis, occurs in about 1 or 2 per 1000 childbirths, with psychotic symptoms, including command hallucinations to kill the infant or delusions that the infant is possessed by an evil spirt

Question 26

Seasonal affective disorder

Answer 26

Depressive episodes that display a seasonal pattern, most commonly beginning in fall or winter and improving in sprin

Question 27

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Answer 27

For children under 18 years of age; they experience persistent irritability and frequent episodes of extreme, out-of-control behaviour

Question 28

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Answer 28

Occurs in females during the final week before the onset of menses, with marked mood swings, irritability, anger, and anxiety

Question 29

Warning Signs of Suicide Source

Answer 29

IS PATH WARM? I Ideation S Substance Abuse P Purposelessness A Anxiety T Trapped H Hopelessness W Withdrawal A Anger R Recklessness M Mood Changes

Question 30

Cluster A: Odd behaviour (personality disorder)

Answer 30

Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal

Question 31

Cluster B: Erratic, overly dramatic behaviour (personality disorder)

Answer 31

Narcissistic Histrionic Borderline Antisocial

Question 32

Cluster C: Anxious, fearful behaviour (personality disorder)

Answer 32

Obsessive-compulsive Avoidant Dependent

Question 33

What Causes Personality Disorders?

Answer 33

that of childhood abuse or neglect –including severe emotional, physical, or sexual abuse. No main reason has been found, this is the most common reason