Chapter 15

Question 1

conditioning in behavioural therapy

Answer 1

operant conditioning

• rewards given for positive behaviour, punishments given for negative behaviour
• token economies may be used: rewarding positive behaviour with vouchers (e.g. therapist gives a meal to someone if they come to therapy)

classical conditioning:

• exposure therapy: harmless, repeated exposure to a stimulus to reduce threat response

Question 2

deep brain stimulation

Answer 2

• electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes that is used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders
• repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): provides an alternative way to stimulate the brain without surgery as low-frequency magnetic pulses change activity in underlying cortical regions

Question 3

side effects of anti-depressant medication

Answer 3

• dizziness
• lowered libido
• weight gain
• emotional numbness
• withdrawal symptoms (e.g. brain zaps)

Question 4

person-centred therapy

Answer 4

• a humanistic approach developed by Carl Rogers that assumes that individuals have a tendency towards growth
• centres on acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist
• “clients” are known as “patients”, and are seen as equal to the therapist (unlike psychodynamic therapies)

Question 5

interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), and what it focuses on

Answer 5

an update on Freud’s methods, focusing on relationships:

• attachment: the first attachments made in infancy affects how you attach to others in the future (attachment wounds)
• grief: loss of a relationship
• role disputes: conflicts within a relationship
• role transitions: changes in life status, jobs, divorce, etc.
• interpersonal deficits: lack of skills to start/maintain relationships

Question 6

Anti-depressants may also have anti-________ effects.

Answer 6

anxiety (anxiety and depression are often comorbid)

Question 7

family therapy

Answer 7

• psychotherapy conducted with individual or groups of family members
• couples therapy is a special type of family therapy specifically with intimate relationships

Question 8

cognitive therapy

Answer 8

• teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that lead to negative emotions
• replacing irrational, negative thoughts with rational, positive ones

Question 9

different types of therapy in Canada, and their proportions

Answer 9

• cognitive-behavioural (40%)
• humanistic/existential (15%)
• psychodynamic (13%)
• interpersonal (12%)
• family systems (10%)
• other (10%)

Question 10

reasons to get treatment for psychological disorders

Answer 10

• personal and social costs: disorders can lead to an inability to carry out daily activities and manage relationships
• financial costs: the need to take time off work leads to a huge loss of money

Question 11

the drug class and neurotransmitter involved with anti-psychotic medication

Answer 11

phenothiazines block dopamine receptors

Question 12

Anti-depressants can make ________ worse.

Answer 12

bipolar disorders

Question 13

brief therapy

Answer 13

psychotherapy provided over a short time frame, usually 3-5 sessions

Question 14

side effects of anti-psychotic medication

Answer 14

• tardive dyskinesia/catatonia (reduced movement)
• sleep disturbance
• appetite change
• nausea

Question 15

psychoanalytic techniques in therapy

Answer 15

• free association: allowing the patient to say whatever comes to their mind without thinking (leads to Freudian slips)
• dream analysis
• transference: using the responses of the patient to understand the patient’s approach to authority figures (e.g. yelling at the therapist may indicate how the patient interacted with their parents)
• resistance: the patient is more reluctant when the therapist is correct (e.g. the patient changes the subject)

Question 16

group therapy

Answer 16

• psychotherapy conducted with a group (6-12 individuals)
• group members don’t all have to have the same problem/diagnosis
• people with severe conditions (e.g. psychotic, antisocial) are excluded from groups until proven that they can be good group members

Question 17

side effects of anti-anxiety medication

Answer 17

• drug tolerance (body quickly adjusts, resulting in more needing to be taken)
• withdrawal symptoms
• heavily addictive (high addiction profile)
• drowsiness
• poor coordination/memory

Question 18

the ABC model

Answer 18

A: activating event

• the actual event that cannot be changed
• what is being focused on; what wants to be changed

B: beliefs

• thoughts we have about ourselves, due to A

C: consequences

• behaviours, thoughts, and emotions about ourselves, due to B

Question 19

applied behavioural analysis (ABA)

Answer 19

• using conditioning to improve and teach socially acceptable behaviours
• helpful for disorders like autism spectrum disorder

Question 20

psychosurgery

Answer 20

the attempt to improve symptoms of psychological disorders through operating on the brain

Question 21

neurofeedback

Answer 21

a type of biofeedback used to treat ADHD and seizures by teaching the client to keep measures of brain activity within a certain range

Question 22

orientations

Answer 22

• techniques in psychotherapy
• orientations can be mixed

Question 23

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 23

• seizures are induced in an anaesthetized patient
• it is used primarily in the treatment of mood disorders that have not responded to medication or other treatments

Question 24

three major components of cognitive-behavioural therapy

Answer 24

• problem-focused: focuses on specific problems
• action-oriented: concrete steps taken; you can observe and measure progress
• transparent: therapists explain how it works

Question 25

two ways to treat psychological disorders

Answer 25

psychological treatment and biological treatment

Question 26

four different Canadian mental health professionals, and their responsibilities

Answer 26

**psychiatrist** * medical doctor (specialist; usually referred to for severe cases) * can prescribe medication * can diagnose * can practice psychotherapy **psychologist:** * specialist; usually referred to for severe cases * can diagnose * can practice psychotherapy **clinical counsellor:** * no referral needed (usually cheaper/first option) * can practice psychotherapy * works through symptoms, rather than the disorder (cannot diagnose) **social worker:** * no referral needed (usually cheaper/first option) * can practice psychotherapy * works through symptoms, rather than the disorder (cannot diagnose)

Question 27

humanistic techniques in therapy

Answer 27

* **congruence:** affirming and warming verbal and body language to show they're listening * **empathy** * **unconditional positive regard:** positively responses to anything the person says, without criticism

Question 28

psychoanalysis

Answer 28

* has roots in Freud's psychodynamic theory * an example of insight therapy * believes that psychological disorders come from repressing urges and conflict between parts of the dynamic subconscious; the client will improve once understanding these symptoms * topics include childhood events and projective techniques (e.g. Rorsharch inkblots) * the psychoanalyst is in charge of the session

Question 29

cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)

Answer 29

* the most common type of psychotherapy in Canada (specifically for depression, anxiety, and PTSD) * relies on behaviourism * focuses on changing behaviours (action) or cognition (thoughts) to combat mental illness

Question 30

insight therapy

Answer 30

a therapy that improves symptoms of psychological disorder by building people’s understanding of their situation

Question 31

drug classes and neurotransmitters involved with anti-depressant medication

Answer 31

* early anti-depressant medications were **monoamine oxidase inhibitors** increased **serotonin** and **dopamine** activity * modern anti-depressant medications are *reuptake inhibitors*; blocking the reabsorption of certain neurotransmitters, and increasing their activity: **selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)** increase serotonin activity, and **tricyclic antidepressants** increase serotonin and norepinephrine activity

Question 32

the ABC model for cognitive restructuring for failing an exam

Answer 32

We can't change the activating event (A), nor the negativity (C), but by *rationalizing our beliefs (B)*, we can make the negativity (C) a healthy, adaptive negative emotion rather than an unhealthy, maladaptive negative emotion. **irrational beliefs:** A: "I failed an exam." B: "My parents will hate me." C: anxious feeling **rational beliefs:** A: "I failed an exam." B: "My parents will continue to love me." C: somber feeling

Question 33

three reasons people don't get treatment for psychological disorders

Answer 33

* **people don't realize they have a disorder:** people don't understand mental illness as well as physical illness * **certain beliefs prevent people from seeking treatment:** people may believe that they can treat themselves, that mental health problems aren't that severe, or that they'll be stigmatized by others ("I'm going to a doctor." vs. "I'm going to a therapist.") * **structural barriers:** people may not know where to look or be able to deal with the costs (OHIP doesn't cover mental health professionals)

Question 34

the drug classes and neurotransmitter involved with anti-anxiety medication

Answer 34

**barbiturates** and **benzodiazepines** increase **GABA** activity

Question 35

psychotherapy

Answer 35

psychological treatment via conversations between the therapist and client ("talk therapy")