Chapter 15

Question 1

There are __________ different types of olfactory receptors in humans.

Answer 1

approximately 350

Question 2

The ____ pathway conducts signals from the front and sides of the tongue to the brain.

Answer 2

chorda tympani

Question 3

Which of the following tastes do newborns NOT react to?

Answer 3

salty

Question 4

A fifth basic taste discovered many years after the other four is

Answer 4

referred to as umami

Question 5

__________ is the inability to smell due to injury or infection.

Answer 5

anosmia

Question 6

____ tastes cause an autonomic acceptance response and prepares the gastrointestinal tract for these substances.

Answer 6

sweet

Question 7

Dogs are more sensitive to smells than humans because

Answer 7

dogs have many more olfactory receptors than humans

Question 8

The central part of the tongue has no taste sensations because that part consists primarily of _______ papillae which do not contain taste buds.

Answer 8

filiform

Question 9

Which of the following compounds had the same flavor whether or not the person’s nose was clamped to prevent olfaction?

Answer 9

MSG

Question 10

The difference between “tasters” and “non-tasters” in the ability to taste PROP is due to:

Answer 10

both higher taste bud density and specialized receptors for “tasters.”

Question 11

Eliminating the receptor for bitter tastes results in

Answer 11

no effect on responses to the other tastes

Question 12

Areas on the tongue covered primarily with filiform papillae are similar to ______ in vision.

Answer 12

the blind spot

Question 13

The tiny bumps on the tongue that contain the taste buds are the

Answer 13

papillae

Question 14

Sodium nitrate results in a taste of

Answer 14

combination of sour, salty, and bitter

Question 15

The axons of the olfactory sensory neurons project to the ___________ in the brain.

Answer 15

glomeruli in the olfactory bulb

Question 16

The axons of the olfactory sensory neurons project to the ___________ in the brain.

Answer 16

glomeruli in the olfactory bulb

Question 17

In taste research, people are classified as “tasters” or “non-tasters” based on their sensitivity to PTC, which tastes

Answer 17

bitter

Question 18

Octanoic acid and octanol differ in molecular structure by one oxygen molecule. When smelling these substances,

Answer 18

the recognition profiles for the two substances are very different

Question 19

When presented with a common odor like banana or motor oil, participants can identify the odor approximately _____% of the time.

Answer 19

50

Question 20

Olfactory signals from the glomeruli project to

Answer 20

the piriform cortex in the temporal lobe.
the orbitofrontal cortex in the frontal lobe.
the amygdala.

Question 21

The __________ is the structure that contains the receptors for olfaction.

Answer 21

olfactory mucosa

Question 22

When an eight-hour-old newborn is given a concentrated shrimp odor to smell, the newborn

Answer 22

responds with a facial expression that displays disgust

Question 23

When using the forced-choice procedure in measuring odor detection thresholds, the experimenter should

Answer 23

separate trials by at least 30 seconds.

Question 24

In regard to specificity vs. distributed coding , most researchers conclude

Answer 24

basic taste qualities are determined by specificity coding, and distributed coding is important for discriminating subtle differences

Question 25

The orbital frontal cortex receives input from

Answer 25

the visual pathways. the primary somatosensory cortex. the primary cortical areas for taste and olfaction

Question 26

Which technique involves injecting an animal with a radioactive molecule to see which part of the olfactory bulb is most activated by different chemicals?

Answer 26

2-DG

Question 27

Which technique involves injecting an animal with a radioactive molecule to see which part of the olfactory bulb is most activated by different chemicals?

Answer 27

2-DG

Question 28

Finding the neural code for odor molecules

Answer 28

has focused on which chemical odorants cause the olfactory neurons to fire

Question 29

Flavor is the impression a person gets from

Answer 29

the combination of olfaction and taste

Question 30

The substance amiloride

Answer 30

blocks the flow of sodium to taste receptors

Question 31

When Doty told a participant the correct label for an odor initially described as “fishy-goaty-oily,” the participant transformed the smell into the perception of

Answer 31

leather

Question 32

Evidence for ______ is provided by an Erickson (1963) study in which rats appeared to be unable to discriminate between two different solutions that produce a similar taste.

Answer 32

distributed coding

Question 33

The _______ is most likely involved perceiving overlapping odors, such as “coffee” “French toast” and “bacon.”

Answer 33

piriform cortex

Question 34

A fifth basic taste discovered many years after the other four is

Answer 34

referred to as umami

Question 35

The senses of ____________ are referred to as the gatekeepers.

Answer 35

olfaction and gustation

Question 36

As a monkey’s hunger for cream decreases, the firing of the OFC neuron to the cream’s odor

Answer 36

decreases

Question 37

The _____ papillae are mushroom-shaped and found on the tip and sides of the tongue.

Answer 37

circumvallate

Question 38

“Across-fiber patterns” is another name for

Answer 38

distributed coding

Question 39

Olfactory transduction occurs at

Answer 39

the olfactory receptor neurons

Question 40

Olfactory signals from the thalamus project to

Answer 40

the insula and the frontal operculum cortex

Question 41

Olfactory signals from the thalamus project to

Answer 41

the insula and the frontal operculum cortex

Question 42

The human sensitivity for the odorant found in natural gas is ________ the odorant for the main substance in nail polish remover.

Answer 42

greater than

Question 43

Which of the following is a correct interpretation when using calcium imaging to measure olfactory receptor response?

Answer 43

The more strongly the ORN is activated, the fluorescence decreases.

Question 44

In one study, men rated the scent of t-shirts worn by women three nights in a row. The results indicated that

Answer 44

men preferred the t-shirt scent if the woman was not ovulating.

Question 45

Uchida’s optical imaging research showed that larger carbon chains activate areas on the olfactory bulb that are

Answer 45

located more to the left