Psychological disorders
marked by clinically significant disturbance in cognition by emotion regulation or behaviour
Yesterdays prodedures
-people receive brutal treatments such as trephination
Trephination treatment
the treatment of drilling holes into peoples skulls with the idea that evil spirits will leave the brain
The medical approach
- the 1800’s
- search for physical cause of mental disorders and an effective treatment of them
- mental illness diagnosed on basis of symptoms and treated through therapy
The biopsychosocial approach
-general approach posing that biological and social cultural factors play a role in human functioning in the context of mental illness
Biological influences
- evolution
- individual genes
- brain structure and chemistry
Psychological influences
- stress
- trauma
- learned helplessness
- mood related perceptions and memories
Social cultural influences
- roles
- expectations
- definitions of normality and disorder
diagnostic classification in psychiatry and psychology
- predicts the disorders future course
- suggest appropriate treatment
- prompts research into its causes
DSM-5
- american psychiatric association 5th edition
- describes disorders and estimates their occurrence
DSM-5 criticism
- antisocial personality and generalized anxiety disorder did poorly on field tests
- contibutes to pathologizing of every day life
- system labels are societies values
DSM benefits
- system helps mental health professionals communicate
- is useful in research
what age do people get diagnosed with ADHD
4-17 years old
key symptoms of ADHD
- extreme inattention
- hyperactivity
- impulsivity
How is ADHD treated
with some medecines and therapies
What is the debate regarding ADHD
- whether normal high energy is too often diagnosed as ADHD
- also whether there is a long term effect of prolonged ADHD medecine use
Are people with psychological disorders dangerous?
most people with disorders are not violent and are more likely to be victims
Is poverty a risk factor?
- yes
- experiences of poverty contribute to the development of psychological disorders
- some disorders like schizophrenia can lead to poverty
What % of the population has generalized anxiety disorder
3.1%
What % of people have social anxiety disorder?
6.8%
what % of people have phobias?
8.7%
what % of people have depressive disorders or bipolar disorder?
9.5%
What % of people have OCD
1%
What % of people have schizophrenia
1.1%
% of people with PTSD
3.5%
% of people with ADHD
4.1%
5 risks that can increase vulnerability to mental disorders
- academic failure
- birth complications
- chronic pain
- chronic insomnia
- medical illness
5 protective factors of mental health
- aerobic exercise
- self esteem
- effective parenting
- econimic indipendente
- literacy
Anxiety disorder
are marked by distressing, peristsant anxiety
Generalized anxiety disorder
person is always tense, apprehensive, and in a state of constant autonomic nervous system arousal
panic disorder
person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread and is in constant fear of when the next attack might strike
phobias
person experiences a persistant, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
obsessive compulsive disorder
characterized by persistent, repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions or both
who is OCD more common to ?
teens and young adults
common obsessions among people with OCD
- dirt, germs, toxins -most common-40%
- something terrible happening-24%
- symmetry, order, exactness-17%
Common compulsions among OCD people?
- excessive hand washing, bathing etc-85%
- repeated rituals-51%
- checking doors, locks, car breaks -46%
What is PTSD?
- haunting memories, nightmares, jumpy anxiety,numbmess of feeling and insomnia
- happens for four weeks or more after a traumatic event
who does PTSD affect?
- vertrans
- survivors of accidents, disasters, and sexual assaults
classical conditioning
research explains why panic prone people associate with certain cues
stimulus generalization
research demonstrates how fearful event can lead to fear of similar events
persistant depressive disorder
person experiences depressed mood more often than not for at least two years
Bi polar disorder
- less common
- person experiences not only depression but manic and impulsive behaviour
The depressed Brain
- brain activity slows during depression
- less activity in left frontal lobe
- scarcity of norepinephrine and serotonin
Does risk of getting a mental illness increase if a family member has had mental illness
-yes
twin studies with psychological disorder
-data reported heritability in twins of mental illness of 37%
what do PET scans show us about bi polar disorder
-energy consumption rises and falls with the patients emotional switches
psychological and social influences-social cognitive perspective
- depressed people view the world and themselves negatively
- learned helplessness may exist with self depleting beliefs
Operant conditioning (reinforcement)
-can help maintain a developed and generalized phobia
Cognition-observing others
can contribute to development of some fears
Cognition-interpretations and expectations
shape reactions
Genes
genetic predisposition to anxiety, OCD, and PTSD
The brain
Trauma linked to fear pathways, hyperactive danger detection, impulse control and habitual behaviour areas
Natural selection
biological preparedness to fear threats-easily conditioned and difficult to extinguish
Major depressive disorder
person will have symptoms of depression like depressed mood or loss of pleasure for two or more weeks
Persistent depressive disorder
person experiences depressed mood for more often than not for at least two years
bipolar condition
- less common
- person experiences not only depressive manic and impulsive behaviour
Social cognitive perspective
- explores how peoples perceptions and expectations influence their perceptions
- cycle of stressful experiences
Cycle of depression
negative stressful events interpreted through-
a ruminating, pessimistic, explanitory style creates-
a hopeless depressed state that acts and fuels
How many people does suicide involve ?
1 million people worldwide
When is suicide likely to occur ?
- when people feel they are disonnected from others
- when people think they are a burden to others
non suicidal self injury NSSI
cutting, burning, pulling out hair, hitting oneself etc
What 6 groups have researchers found?
- national differences
- racial differences
- gender differences
- age differences
- other group differences
- pay of the week difference
why do people engage in NSSI?
- gain relief from intense negative thoughts
- gain attention
- relieve guilt
- get others to change negative behaviours (bulling, criticism)
- to fit in
Schizophrenia defintion
psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, innapropriate emotional expression
symptoms of schizophrenia
- disturbed perceptions
- disorganized thinking or speech
- diminished and innaproriate emotions and actions
chronic schizophrenia
also called process schizophrenia
when does schizophrenia occur
late adolecsents or early adulthood
does schizophrenia get worse with age?=
- yes
- episodes get worse
Acute schizophrenia
- also called reactive schizophrenia
- type of schizophrenia that can happen at any age
- occurs often in response to traumatic events
Brain abnormalities with schizophrenia
- excess # of dopamine receptors
- low activity in frontal lobes
- more rapid brain tissue loss
Odds of being diagnosed with schizophrenia without and with family history
1 in 100 without history
1 in 10 with
Prenatal factors that can increase schizophrenia
- low birth weight
- lack of oxygen during delivery
- prenatal nutrition
- mothers getting viral infections
Warning signs of schizophrenia
- social withdrawal
- birth complications
- separation from parents
- emotional unpredictability
- childhood physical sexual abuse
dissociative disorder
-concious awareness becomes separated from previous thoughts or memories
dissociative idenity disorder
- formely known as personality disrder
- where person exhibits two or more personalities
antisocial personality disorder
-lack of concious for wrongdoing
anorexia
- usually in females
- mantains starvation diet despite already being underweight
bulimia
alternating binge eating-purging behaviours such as vimmitng or laxative use
Binge eating disorder
singificant binge eating followed by distress, disgust, or guilt
