Chapter 15 Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
Psychological disorders
A
marked by clinically significant disturbance in cognition by emotion regulation or behaviour
2
Q
Yesterdays prodedures
A
-people receive brutal treatments such as trephination
3
Q
Trephination treatment
A
the treatment of drilling holes into peoples skulls with the idea that evil spirits will leave the brain
4
Q
The medical approach
A
- the 1800’s
- search for physical cause of mental disorders and an effective treatment of them
- mental illness diagnosed on basis of symptoms and treated through therapy
5
Q
The biopsychosocial approach
A
-general approach posing that biological and social cultural factors play a role in human functioning in the context of mental illness
6
Q
Biological influences
A
- evolution
- individual genes
- brain structure and chemistry
7
Q
Psychological influences
A
- stress
- trauma
- learned helplessness
- mood related perceptions and memories
8
Q
Social cultural influences
A
- roles
- expectations
- definitions of normality and disorder
9
Q
diagnostic classification in psychiatry and psychology
A
- predicts the disorders future course
- suggest appropriate treatment
- prompts research into its causes
10
Q
DSM-5
A
- american psychiatric association 5th edition
- describes disorders and estimates their occurrence
11
Q
DSM-5 criticism
A
- antisocial personality and generalized anxiety disorder did poorly on field tests
- contibutes to pathologizing of every day life
- system labels are societies values
12
Q
DSM benefits
A
- system helps mental health professionals communicate
- is useful in research
13
Q
what age do people get diagnosed with ADHD
A
4-17 years old
14
Q
key symptoms of ADHD
A
- extreme inattention
- hyperactivity
- impulsivity
15
Q
How is ADHD treated
A
with some medecines and therapies
16
Q
What is the debate regarding ADHD
A
- whether normal high energy is too often diagnosed as ADHD
- also whether there is a long term effect of prolonged ADHD medecine use
17
Q
Are people with psychological disorders dangerous?
A
most people with disorders are not violent and are more likely to be victims
18
Q
Is poverty a risk factor?
A
- yes
- experiences of poverty contribute to the development of psychological disorders
- some disorders like schizophrenia can lead to poverty
19
Q
What % of the population has generalized anxiety disorder
A
3.1%
20
Q
What % of people have social anxiety disorder?
A
6.8%
21
Q
what % of people have phobias?
A
8.7%
22
Q
what % of people have depressive disorders or bipolar disorder?
A
9.5%
23
Q
What % of people have OCD
A
1%
24
Q
What % of people have schizophrenia
A
1.1%
25
% of people with PTSD
3.5%
26
% of people with ADHD
4.1%
27
5 risks that can increase vulnerability to mental disorders
- academic failure
- birth complications
- chronic pain
- chronic insomnia
- medical illness
28
5 protective factors of mental health
- aerobic exercise
- self esteem
- effective parenting
- econimic indipendente
- literacy
29
Anxiety disorder
are marked by distressing, peristsant anxiety
30
Generalized anxiety disorder
person is always tense, apprehensive, and in a state of constant autonomic nervous system arousal
31
panic disorder
person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread and is in constant fear of when the next attack might strike
32
phobias
person experiences a persistant, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
33
obsessive compulsive disorder
characterized by persistent, repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions or both
34
who is OCD more common to ?
teens and young adults
35
common obsessions among people with OCD
- dirt, germs, toxins -most common-40%
- something terrible happening-24%
- symmetry, order, exactness-17%
36
Common compulsions among OCD people?
- excessive hand washing, bathing etc-85%
- repeated rituals-51%
- checking doors, locks, car breaks -46%
37
What is PTSD?
- haunting memories, nightmares, jumpy anxiety,numbmess of feeling and insomnia
- happens for four weeks or more after a traumatic event
38
who does PTSD affect?
- vertrans
| - survivors of accidents, disasters, and sexual assaults
39
classical conditioning
research explains why panic prone people associate with certain cues
40
stimulus generalization
research demonstrates how fearful event can lead to fear of similar events
41
persistant depressive disorder
person experiences depressed mood more often than not for at least two years
42
Bi polar disorder
- less common
| - person experiences not only depression but manic and impulsive behaviour
43
The depressed Brain
- brain activity slows during depression
- less activity in left frontal lobe
- scarcity of norepinephrine and serotonin
44
Does risk of getting a mental illness increase if a family member has had mental illness
-yes
45
twin studies with psychological disorder
-data reported heritability in twins of mental illness of 37%
46
what do PET scans show us about bi polar disorder
-energy consumption rises and falls with the patients emotional switches
47
psychological and social influences-social cognitive perspective
- depressed people view the world and themselves negatively
| - learned helplessness may exist with self depleting beliefs
48
Operant conditioning (reinforcement)
-can help maintain a developed and generalized phobia
49
Cognition-observing others
can contribute to development of some fears
50
Cognition-interpretations and expectations
shape reactions
51
Genes
genetic predisposition to anxiety, OCD, and PTSD
52
The brain
Trauma linked to fear pathways, hyperactive danger detection, impulse control and habitual behaviour areas
53
Natural selection
biological preparedness to fear threats-easily conditioned and difficult to extinguish
54
Major depressive disorder
person will have symptoms of depression like depressed mood or loss of pleasure for two or more weeks
55
Persistent depressive disorder
person experiences depressed mood for more often than not for at least two years
56
bipolar condition
- less common
| - person experiences not only depressive manic and impulsive behaviour
57
Social cognitive perspective
- explores how peoples perceptions and expectations influence their perceptions
- cycle of stressful experiences
58
Cycle of depression
negative stressful events interpreted through-
a ruminating, pessimistic, explanitory style creates-
a hopeless depressed state that acts and fuels
59
How many people does suicide involve ?
1 million people worldwide
60
When is suicide likely to occur ?
- when people feel they are disonnected from others
| - when people think they are a burden to others
61
non suicidal self injury NSSI
cutting, burning, pulling out hair, hitting oneself etc
62
What 6 groups have researchers found?
- national differences
- racial differences
- gender differences
- age differences
- other group differences
- pay of the week difference
63
why do people engage in NSSI?
- gain relief from intense negative thoughts
- gain attention
- relieve guilt
- get others to change negative behaviours (bulling, criticism)
- to fit in
64
Schizophrenia defintion
psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, innapropriate emotional expression
65
symptoms of schizophrenia
- disturbed perceptions
- disorganized thinking or speech
- diminished and innaproriate emotions and actions
66
chronic schizophrenia
also called process schizophrenia
67
when does schizophrenia occur
late adolecsents or early adulthood
68
does schizophrenia get worse with age?=
- yes
| - episodes get worse
69
Acute schizophrenia
- also called reactive schizophrenia
- type of schizophrenia that can happen at any age
- occurs often in response to traumatic events
70
Brain abnormalities with schizophrenia
- excess # of dopamine receptors
- low activity in frontal lobes
- more rapid brain tissue loss
71
Odds of being diagnosed with schizophrenia without and with family history
1 in 100 without history
| 1 in 10 with
72
Prenatal factors that can increase schizophrenia
- low birth weight
- lack of oxygen during delivery
- prenatal nutrition
- mothers getting viral infections
73
Warning signs of schizophrenia
- social withdrawal
- birth complications
- separation from parents
- emotional unpredictability
- childhood physical sexual abuse
74
dissociative disorder
-concious awareness becomes separated from previous thoughts or memories
75
dissociative idenity disorder
- formely known as personality disrder
| - where person exhibits two or more personalities
76
antisocial personality disorder
-lack of concious for wrongdoing
77
anorexia
- usually in females
| - mantains starvation diet despite already being underweight
78
bulimia
alternating binge eating-purging behaviours such as vimmitng or laxative use
79
Binge eating disorder
singificant binge eating followed by distress, disgust, or guilt
