Chapter 15

Question 1

ch15.q1
What does PAH stand for? Draw the structures
of two examples.

Answer 1

PAH = Polycyclic (or Polynuclear) Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Just draw a bunch of benzene rings attached to eachother

Question 2

ch15.q2
In what processes are PAHs commonly
formed?

Answer 2

-Incomplete combustion of carbon containing materials

• Fuels, lubricating oils, coal tars, petroleum residues, asphalt, creosote
• Fuel spills, leaks from above-ground and underground storage tanks, waste oil
• Vehicle exhaust (diesel and older vehicles)

Question 3

ch15.q3
What are the sources of PAHs in air? How is
their physical state in air and their lifetime there
related to their molecular size?

Answer 3

• Wood & forest fires
• Fuels
• Coal
• Tobacco smoke
• BBQ’s

=the lower the molecular weight the easier they would volatilize and stay in the atmosphere longer

Question 4

ch15.q4
By means of a structural diagram, show what is
meant by the bay region present in certain PAHs.
How is the presence of this region related to the
health effects of PAHs?

Answer 4

Reacts with water and o2 to form a dioxin looking thing. Becomes much more carcinogenic

Question 5

ch15.q5
Define the term environmental estrogen. How
do such compounds operate in the human body?
Give two chloroorganic and two nonchloroorganic
examples of environmental estrogens.

Answer 5

substances that interfere with the endocrine system of hormone production and transmission are often referred

Chloroorganics are organic compounds containing chlorine, and are discussed in detail in Chapters 13
and 14.

chlororganic = PCB's ,Dioxins
non= BPA

Question 6

ch15.q6
Recount some of the evidence that
environmental estrogens affect the health of
wildlife and of humans.

Answer 6

Wildlife = effects the laying of eggs often (alligators)
The areas of human health that are considered to be of potential risk from exposure to environmental hormones are
• reproduction,
• neurobehavior,
• immune function, and
• cancer.

Question 7

ch15.q7
What are phthalates and how are they
commonly used?

Answer 7

Phthalate esters use= plasticizers (PVC)

Question 8

ch15.q8
Name the four postulated effects of
environmental hormones on human health.

Answer 8

-Reproduction
-• neurobehavior,
• immune function, and
• cancer.

Question 9

ch15.q9

What is a phytoestrogen?

Answer 9

plant-based estrogen mimics

Question 10

ch15.q10

What does LRTAP stand for?

Answer 10

Long Range Transport of Atmospheric Pollutants

Question 11

ch15.q11
Which three physical properties are used to
predict the ultimate deposition zone of volatile
chemicals?

Answer 11

??????????

Question 12

ch15q12
How does the differential removal hypothesis
differ from the global distillation hypothesis for
pollutants that migrate in the air?

Answer 12

Global distillation = Hotter climates make compounds more volitle so they end up accumulating in colder climates (grasshopper effect)

Differnetial removal hypothesis = fractionation of organic chemicals in the atmosphere results from different rates of loss of the substances as they travel in the air away from their point of emission.