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Physio Psych Final (Chapters) > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Exogenous substances

A

—from outside the body—

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2
Q

• Neurons process and transmit information through

A

electrical and chemical signals

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3
Q

• The presynaptic neuron releases an ____________

(internal) substance—

A

endogenous, a neurotransmitter.

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4
Q

•Routes of Administration

A

–Ingestion
–Injection
–Inhalation
–Absorption

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5
Q

Pharmacological

A

Pertaining to the scientific study of drugs

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6
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

Drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system

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7
Q

Drug Metabolism

A

The conversion of a drug from its active form to a nonactive form

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8
Q

Drug Tolerance

A

A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to the drug

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9
Q

Cross Tolerance

A

Tolerance to the effects of one drug that develops as the result of exposure to another drug that acts by the same mechanism

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10
Q

Drug Sensitization

A

An increase in the sensitivity to a drug effect that develops as a result of exposure to the drug

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11
Q

Metabolic Tolerance

A

Tolerance that results from a reduction in the amount of a drug getting to its sites of action

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12
Q

Functional Tolerance

A

Tolerance resulting from a reduction in the reactivity of the nervous system (or other sites of action) to a drug.

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13
Q

Withdrawal Syndrome

A

The illness brought on by the elimination from the body of a drug on which the person is physically dependent

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14
Q

Physically Dependent

A

Being in a state in which the discontinuation of drug taking will induce withdrawal reactions

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15
Q

Drug Addicts

A

Those habitual drug users who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite their repeated efforts to stop using it.

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16
Q

Contingent Drug Tolerance

A

Drug tolerance that develops as a reac-tion to the experience of the effects of drugs rather than to drug exposure alone.

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17
Q

Before-and-after Design

A

The experimental design used to demonstrate contingent drug tolerance; the experimental group receives the drug before each of a series of behavioral tests and the control group receives the drug after each test.

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18
Q

Conditional Drug Tolerance

A

Tolerance effects that are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the situation in which it has previously been administered.

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19
Q

Conditional Compensatory Responses

A

Physiological responses opposite to the effects of a drug that are thought to be elicited by stimuli that are regularly associated with experiencing the drug effects.

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20
Q

Exteroceptive Stimuli

A

Stimuli that arise from outside the body

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21
Q

Interoceptive Stimuli

A

Stimuli that arise from inside the body

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22
Q

Nicotine

A

The major psychoactive ingredient of tobacco

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23
Q

Drug Craving

A

An affective state in which there is a strong desire for the drug

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24
Q

Smoker’s Syndrome

A

The chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, and heightened susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract commonly observed in tobacco smokers.

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25
Buerger's Disease
Buerger's disease. A condition in which the blood vessels, especially those supplying the legs, are constricted whenever nicotine enters the bloodstream, the ultimate result being gangrene and amputation.
26
Teratogen
A drug or other chemical that causes birth defects
27
Depressant
A drug that depresses the neural activity
28
Delirium Tremens (DT)
The phase of alcohol withdrawal syndrome characterized by hallucinations, delusions, agitation, confusion, hyperthermia, and tachycardia.
29
Korsakoff's Syndrome
A neuropsychological disorder that is common in alcoholics and whose primary symptom is severe memory loss.
30
Cirrhosis
Scarring, typically of the liver
31
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
A syndrome produced by prenatal exposure to alcohol and characterized by brain damage, mental retardation, poor coordination, poor muscle tone, low birth weight, retarded growth, and/or physical deformity.
32
Cannabis Sativa
The common hemp plant, which is the source of marijuana
33
THC
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive constituent of marijuana
34
Hashish
Dark corklike material extracted from the resin on the leaves and flowers of Cannabis sativa
35
Narcotic
A legal category of drugs, mostly opiates
36
Anandamide
1st endogenous endocannabinoid to be discovered and characterized
37
Stimulants
Drugs that produce general increases in neural and behavioral activity
38
Cocaine
A potent catecholamine agonist and stimulant that is highly addictive
39
Crack
A potent, cheap, smokable form of cocaine
40
Cocaine Psychosis
Psychotic behavior observed during a cocaine spree, similar in many respects to paranoid schizophrenia
41
Amphetamine
A stimulant drug whose effects are similar to those of cocaine
42
Empathogens
Molecules in the presynaptic membrane of dopaminergic neurons that attract dopamine molecules in the synaptic cleft and deposit them back inside the neuron.
43
Opium
The sap that extends from the seed pods of the opium poppy
44
Morphine
A relatively weak psychoactive ingredient of opium
45
Opiates
Morphine, codeine, heroin, and other chemicals with similar structures or effects
46
Analgesics
Drugs that reduce pain
47
Harrison Narcotics Act
The act, passed in 1914, that made it illegal to sell or use opium, morphine, or cocaine in the United States
48
Heroin
A powerful semisynthetic opiate
49
Physical-Dependence Theories of Addiction
Theories holding that the main factor that motivates drug addicts to keep taking drugs is the prevention or termination of withdrawal symptoms.
50
Detoxified Addicts
Addicts who have none of the drug to which they are addicted in their body and who are no longer experiencing withdrawal symptoms.
51
Postive-Incentive Theories of Addiction
Theories holding that the primary factor in most cases of addiction is a craving for the pleasure-producing properties of drugs.
52
Intracranial Self-Stimulation (ICSS)
The repeated performance of a response that delivers electrical stimulation to certain sites in the animal's brain.
53
Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System
The ascending projections of dopamine-releasing neurons from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of the mesencephalon (midbrain) into various regions of the telencephalon.
54
Substantia Nigra
The midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia; it is part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system and degenerates in cases of Parkinson's disease.
55
Ventral Tegmental Area
The midbrain nucleus of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system that is a major source of the mesocorticolimbic pathway.
56
Nucleus Accumbens
Nucleus of the ventral striatum and a major terminal of the mesocorticolimbic
57
Mesocorticolimbic Pathway
The component of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system that has cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area which project to various cortical and limbic sites
58
Drug Self-Administration Paradigm
A test of the addictive potential of drugs in which laboratory animals can inject drugs into them-selves by pressing a lever.
59
Conditional Place-Preference Paradigm
A test that assesses a laboratory animal's preference for environments in which it has previously experienced drug effects.
60
Relapse
To return to a diseased state after a period of improvement (e.g., to return to addictive drug after a period of voluntary abstinence)
61
Anhedonia
A general inability to experience pleasure
62
Positive-Incentive Value
The anticipated pleasure associated with a particular action, such as taking a drug
63
Hedonic Value
The amount of pleasure produced by an action
64
Incentive-Sensitization Theory
Theory that addictions develop when drug use sensitizes the neural circuits mediating wanting of the drug—not necessarily liking for the drug.
65
Drug Priming
A single exposure to a formerly abused drug
66
what are the 2 classes of endogenous opioid neurotransmitters?
endorphins and enkephalins
67
what glial cell creates the blood brain barrier?
astrocytes
68
which area of the brain is blood barrier weak?
area prostema | - a region of the medulla where the blood-brain barrier is weak; allows entry of toxic substances that induce vomiting
69
dose-response curve
The principle that the effect of a certain drug depends on the dose or concentration of that drug. - after a certain point, increasing the dose does not increase effects
70
therapeutic index
the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug - margin of safety - effectiveness
71
what are the two types of tolerance?
metabolic tolerance: - organ systems become more effective at eliminating the drug functional tolerance: - target tissue (site of action) may show altered sensitivity to the drug - more common
72
does tolerance affect every drug reaction?
no; it can be for only some effects | - e.g. sedation but not depressed breathing
73
drugs can impact: (8)
- Synthesis - Storage - Release - Postsynaptic receptors - Inactivation - Reuptake - Degradation - Presynaptic receptors
74
Agonist
enhance the effect of a neurotransmitter e. g.: - stimulate release of NT - stimulate postsynaptic receptors - block auto-receptors - block reuptake
75
Antagonist
inhibits the effect of a neurotransmitter e. g.: - block postsynaptic receptors - stimulate auto-receptors - inhibit release of NT - prevent storage of NT in vesicle
76
alcohol neurological effects
GABA agonist: increases the activity of the GABA receptor causing the brain to be inhibited resulting in diminished arousal parts of the brain that stop inappropriate behavior are also diminished which is why behavior seems to be less inhibited also increases levels of dopamine
77
alcohol physiological effects
physiological effects - Dilates blood vessels in the skin (skin turns pink and feels warm) - Inhibits antidiuretic hormones (loss of body water through increased urination)
78
alcohol behavioral effects
- slow reaction time | - decreased hand-eye coordination
79
what does alcohol depress?
- Sympathetic nervous system (breathing and heartbeat) | - REM sleep
80
Opiate neurological effects
Endorphin agonist: Binds to opioid receptors and releases endorphins - stimulates the ventral tegmental area - very addicting
81
Opiates physiological effects
- small pupils - lower coordination of digestive activity (slow digestion, constipation) - reduces sex drive/hormones
82
ventral tegmental area
stimulates amygdala for pleasure and reward center
83
Opiates behavioral effects
- relieves pain (analgesic) | - euphoria
84
Alcohol withdrawal symptoms
- headaches - vomiting - hallucinations - tremors - convulsions/seizures
85
nicotine neurological effects
- releases dopamine in the nucleus accumbens | - acetylcholine agonist (arousal and cognitive enhancement)
86
nicotine behavioral effects
- muscle tremors | - bad reflexes
87
Nicotine withdrawal
- anxiety - insomnia - sudden decrease in dopamine in NA; can be related to relapse due to cravings
88
which neurotransmitter plays a big role in drugs?
dopamine | - in rewarding effects of addictive drugs and natural reinforcers.
89
incubation of drug craving
cues presented soon after drug withdrawal are less likely to elicit craving and relapse than cues presented later
90
Reuptake
process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles
91
THC neurological effects
- THC has a stimulating effect on dopamine in the nucleus accumbens - binds to the endogenous CB1 cannabinoid receptor
92
THC psychological effects
Depressant: - disinhibition - euphoria Hallucinogenic: - amplifies sensitivity to colours, sounds, tastes, smells - also impairs perceptual skills, motor skills and reaction time
93
drug self-administration paradigm
A test of the addictive potential of drugs in which laboratory animals can inject drugs into themselves by pressing a lever.

Physio Psych Final (Chapters) (3 decks)

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