Chapter 15 Cardiovascular Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
The circulatory system is an internal transport system of ___ from cells
A
Waste products such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen, urea and ammonia
2
Q
The circulatory system allows for two way exchange between the body and the environment, what are the two?
A
Lungs and gastrointestinal tract
3
Q
Circulatory system gets its oxygen and drops off it carbon dioxide as waste through the ___
A
Lungs
4
Q
The circulatory system uses the GI tract to reabsorb nutrients from the ___ of our intestine.
A
Lumen
5
Q
Circulatory system consists of what two parts?
A
Heart and vessels
6
Q
The over all function of the circulatory system is to help maintain what?
A
Homeostasis
7
Q
The circulatory system helps maintain internal homeostasis by maintaining what four things?
A
Temperature
pH
Glucose levels
Calcium
8
Q
Location of the heart
A
Mediastinum
9
Q
The four chambers of the heart
A
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
10
Q
Coverings of the heart: the outermost layer that protects the heart, anchors the heart and prevents overfilling.
A
Fibrous pericardium
11
Q
What type of pericardium divides the two the two heart layers
A
Serous pericardium
12
Q
Layer of the heart that lines the surface of the fibrous pericardium
A
Parietal pericardium
13
Q
Layer of the heart that lines the epicardium or surface of the heart
A
Visceral pericardium
14
Q
Contains serous fluid
A
Pericardial cavity
15
Q
Inflammation of the pericardium
A
Pericarditis
16
Q
Decrease of serous fluid
Heart rubs against pericardial sac
Pericardial friction = muffled sound
Too much fluid
These are causes of what
A
Pericarditis
17
Q
- Pressure on the heart muscle which occurs when the pericardial space fills up with fluid faster than the pericardial sac can stretch
- fluid seeps into cavity and heart is compressed
- removal by needle into cavity
- too much fluid
A
Pericardial tamponade
18
Q
Layers of heart wall:
- visceral pericardium
- connective tissue covered by epithelium with blood vessels lymphatics and nerves
- outer layer
A
Epicardium
19
Q
Layers of heart wall:
- middle layer
- thick layer of cardiac MUSCLE
- thickest in left ventricle
- receives a rich supply of vasculature, nerves and lymphatics
A
Myocardium
20
Q
Layers of heart wall:
- inner layer
- smooth inner lining of epithelium and connective tissue with elastin and collagen inside the heart that lines the chambers and covers the valves
A
Endocardium
this is also in the linings of blood vessels connected to the heart
21
Q
- Works together to separate the atrial syncytium from the ventricle syncytium.
- rings around valves provide attachments for the valves, muscles fibers, prevent excessive dilation ventricular contractions
A
Fibrous skeleton
22
Q
Pulmonary circuit: receives deoxygenated blood from the body and heart wall and sends to the lungs
A
Right atrium and ventricle
23
Q
Systemic circuit: sends oxygenated blood to body and heart wall
A
Left atrium and left ventricle
24
Q
Brings in all blood from the diaphragm up (head neck arms)
A
Superior vena cava
25
Returns all blood from the diaphragm and down
Inferior vena cava
26
Drains blood from the cardiac veins that supple the heart wall itself
Coronary sinus
27
Heart valves: right Atrioventricular valve (AV valve)
Tricuspid valve
28
Left atrioventricular valve (AV valve)
Bicuspid valve
29
Anchor tricuspid and bicuspid
Chordeae tendineae
30
Attach chordeae tendineae to heart muscles called
Papillary muscle
31
When blood leaks back into the atrium it's called
Mitral valve prolapse
32
Step one of heart circulation
Right atrium
33
Step two of heart circulation
Tricuspid valve (Lubb sound when valve closes)
34
Third part of circulatory
Right ventricle
35
Fourth part of circulatory
Pulmonary valve
36
Fifth part of circulatory
Pulmonary artery
37
Sixth part of circulatory
Lungs
38
Seventh part of circulatory
Pulmonary veins
39
Eighth part of circulatory
Left atrium
40
Tenth part of circulatory
Left ventricle
41
Twelfth part of circulatory
Ascending aorta
42
What are the three large arteries from the aortic arch
Brachiocephalic artery
Carotid artery
Subclavian artery
43
Circulation of blood to and from the body
Systemic circulation
44
Which ventricle uses systemic circulation
Left ventricle
45
Circulations of blood to and from the lungs
Pulmonary circulation
46
Which ventricle pumps blood to the longs for gas exchange via pulmonary circulation
Right ventricle
47
Circulation of blood to and from the heart muscle (myocardium)
Coronary circulation
48
Coronary circulation to the myocardium
Base of aorta -> coronary arteries -> myocardium
49
Coronary circulation from the myocardium
Myocardium -> coronary veins -> coronary sinus -> right atrium
50
Two __ arteries branch off the aorta continue to become small capillaries to supply blood to the myocardial tissue
Coronary
51
___ blood that goes to the coronary sinus and empties into the right atrium
Deoxygenated
52
- Lack of sufficient blood flow
- Thrombus
- Doesn't allow oxygen or nutrients to get to myocardial cells
- Blood clots
Ischemia
53
-pain due to ischemia
Angina
54
Death of heart tissue due to ischemia
Infarction
55
Volume of blood pumped per minute
Cardiac output
56
One complete heart beat is a
Cardiac cycle
57
Contraction phase
Systole
58
Relaxation phase
Diastole
59
Cardiac muscle general characteristics
- slightly striated
- single nucleus
- branched
- intercalated discs
- involuntary
60
- Specialized heart fibers that depolarize (contract) faster than the the other heart fibers.
- pacemaker
- located in the upper right atrial wall
- near entrance of superior vena cava
SA Node
61
Heart rate can by increased by
- increase in sympathetic nervous system signals
| - increase in blood epinephrine
62
Heart rate can decrease by
Increase in parasympathetic nervous system nerve signal (vagus nerve)
63
Spread depolarization(contraction) atria and contracts simultaneously and also carry impulses to the AV node.
Junctional fibers
64
- a group of specialized heart fibers that recover the SA node signal
- located in the right atria ( lower part of interatrial septum)
- delays signals to atrium can contract
- relays signals to the ventricle via AV bundle
AV Node
65
- specialized cardiac muscle fibers that carries the message from the AV node down into the interventricular septum and divides left and right branches that then give rise to the purkinje fibers
AV bundle
66
Conduction system of the heart in order
SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle -> purkinje fibers
67
- excess calcium
- increases heart action
- prolonged contraction
Hypercalcemia
68
- low calcium
| - depresses heart action
Hypocalcemia
69
- excess potassium
| - decrease the rate and force of contraction
Hyperkalemia
70
- Low potassium
- may block heart impulses
- heart could stop
Hypokalemia
71
Vagus nerve decreases heart contractions
Parasympathetic fibers
72
Autonomic nerve impulses regulated by
Medulla oblongata
73
The circulatory system is an internal transport system of ___ to cells
Oxygen, water, minerals and glucose
74
What receptor reflex detects rising blood pressure and sends impulses to the cardio inhibitor center in the medulla oblongata
Baroreceptor reflex
75
ECG is a representation of the ___ ___ of the heart
Electrical activity
76
Which wave is atrial depolarization
P wave
77
QRS Complex is the
Ventricular depolarization
78
Which wave is Ventricular repolarization
T wave
79
A point other than the SA node initiating a stronger impulse
Ectopic focus
80
SA node and another site are acting together as pacemakers triggering two contractions
Extrasystole
81
Heartbeat is abnormally slow
Bradycardia
82
Heartbeat is abnormally fast
Tachycardia
83
Rapid irregular contraction of the heart
Fibrillation
84
What causes fibrillation
Blocked coronary artery
85
A jolt of electricity that fixes fibrillation
Defibrillation
86
Atria and ventricles beating at different rates
Dysthymia
87
Blood vessels that lead blood away from the heart
Arteries
88
Blood vessels that lead blood to the heart
Veins
89
Inner layer of endothelium that has a smooth surface to prevent damage to platelets and red blood cells
Tunica intima
90
Middle layer of vessel made of mostly smooth muscle with elastic tissue regulated by sympathetic fibers
Tunica media
91
Outer layer of vessel made of connective tissue that attaches vessels to nearby organs
Tunica externa
92
Blood leaves the heart ventricles
| -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> to the atria of the heart
Order of blood flow through the vessels
93
Arteries have the ___ walls and ___ blood pressure
Thickest; highest
94
Alternate expanding and recoil of arterial wall in response to blood pressure change
Pulse
95
Rate of left ventricle contraction
Radial pulse rate
96
Strong pulse means
High blood pressure
97
Weak pulse means
Low blood pressure
98
Connection to arterioles and venules
Capillaries
99
Capillaries have one layer called the
Tunica interna
100
Only vessels that contain pores that allows change of gas and nutrient between blood and tissues
Capillaries
101
Have smallest diameter but greatest total cross sectional area having it be the lowest velocity of blood flow
Capillaries
102
Where exchange takes place in capillaries
Capillary bed
103
No exchange between arterioles and venules
Capillary shunt
104
Thin slits between adjacent endothelial cells that cause more metabolically arctics tissue and more capillaries
Capillary permeability
105
Regulate blood flow and open when cells need oxygen and nutrients
Prevail lady sphincters
106
Caused by hydrostatic pressure and pushes fluid out of capillary bed into the internal space
Filtration
107
Caused by osmotic pressure and pulls fluid back into the capillary bed Dom the interstitial space
Reabsorption
108
Plaque build up due to cholesterol and other substances
Atherosclerosis
109
Walls get damaged and lose elasticity
Arteriosclerosis
110
Abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall
Aneurysm
111
Inflammation of veins
Phlebitis
112
Clotting results
Thrombophlebitis
113
Veins stretch and distend due to back pressure due to gravity; valves lose ability to prevent back flow
Varicose veins
114
Measurement of blood leaving the left ventricle per minute
Cardiac output
115
Measuring the cardiac output
Heart rate x stroke volume
116
The number of beats per minute
Heart rate
117
The amount of blood leaving the left ventricle per contraction
Stroke volume
118
Thickness of liquid
Viscosity
119
Mechanical control of blood pressure
Cardiac output
