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Anesthesia and Analgesia > Chapter 15- Inhalation Anesthetics and Gases > Flashcards

Chapter 15- Inhalation Anesthetics and Gases Flashcards

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1
Q

How is inhaled anesthesia produced?

A

By controlled administration of gaseous volatile drugs

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2
Q

How can the magnitude of depression of the CNS be controlled when using inhaled anesthetics?

A

By altering the partial pressure or concentration of anesthetic

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3
Q

Why is it important to be able to supplement a horse with oxygen during anesthesia?

A

Because GA and recumbency reduce the horse’s ability to oxygenate arterial blood

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4
Q

The degradation process of the sevoflurane produces ____

A

Compound A

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5
Q

The degradation of sevoflurane and isoflurane produces ____

A

Carbon monoxide

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6
Q

What is the partition coefficient?

A

It is the ratio of the anesthetic between two phases after equilibration

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7
Q

Solubility of an inhaled anesthetic is expressed as the ____

A

Partition coefficient

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8
Q

What happens at equilibrium with:
1. Partial pressure of the anesthetic
2. The concentration of the anesthetic

A
  1. The partial pressure in the two phases is the same
  2. The concentration can differ greatily
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9
Q

What does a PC of 2.5 mean for an anesthetic X in equilibrium?

A

The concentration of the anesthetic in blood is 2.5 times greater than in gas, whereas partial pressure is equal in both phases

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10
Q

If anesthetic X has a PC of 2.5 and anesthetic Y has a PC of 0.5, which one can induce the patient faster?

A

Anesthetic Y

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11
Q

How is solubility (PC) related to the speed of induction?

A

Higher solubility (PC) is related to slower induction

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12
Q

The blood:Gas PC correlates inversely with ____

A

Anesthetic potency

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13
Q

Relationship between the administered dose and the magnitude if the effect is an expression of ____

A

Potency of the anesthetic

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14
Q

What is the ED50

A

The dose at which 50% of the horses get anesthetized

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15
Q

True/False: MAC is represented by the vaporizer setting

A

False, MAC is ALVEOLAR concentration and not the inspired concentration

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16
Q

At equilibrium of gas and arterial blood, and the arterial and brain anesthetic partial pressure, MAC should be an indication of ____

A

Partial pressure of the anesthetic in the CNS

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17
Q

MAC of most common anesthetics

A
  1. Halothane 0.9-1.05%
  2. Isoflurane 1.31-1.64%
  3. Sevoflurane 2.31-2.84%
  4. Desflurane 7.02-8.06%
  5. Nitrus oxide 205%
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18
Q

Most patients require ____ to ____ MAC or less for an adequate anesthesia

A

1.2 to 1.4 MAC

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19
Q

True/False: Sites of action for the inhaled anesthetics are located in the brain and the spinal cord

20
Q

Anesthetic moves through phases by

Study These Flashcards
A

Down the partial pressure gradients

21
Q

Measuring alveolar anesthetic pressure is a reliable method to monitor ____

Study These Flashcards
A

Anesthetic dose (MAC)

22
Q

What happens after reducing the anesthetic to zero?

Study These Flashcards
A

Reversal on gradients occur

Moving down from CNS to blood to alveoli to athmosphere

23
Q

Delivery of the anesthetic to alveoli depends on

Study These Flashcards
A

Inspired concentration and alveolar ventilation

24
Q

What can increase delivery of anesthetic to the alveoli?

Study These Flashcards
A

Increasing the vaporized dial setting or supplementing alveolar ventilation

25
How can an elevated PC make the induction slower?
It enhances the removal of the anesthetic from the alveoli retarding equilibration of partial pressure between alveoli:blood:brain
26
How can a high cardiac output affect the induction?
It increases the amount of blood match with alveoli per unit time decreasing the rise of alveolar partial pressure and slowing down the induction
27
Venous partial pressure is dictated by
Solubility in tissues (tissue:blood PC), blood flow, PC arterial blood:tissue
28
Solubility of the common inhaled anesthetics
1. Halothane 2.4 2. Isoflurane 1.4 3. Sevoflurane 0.7 4. Desflurane 0.5 5. Nitrous oxide 0.5
29
Organize the most common anesthetics from higher to lower solubility
Halothane > Isoflurane > Sevoflurane > Desflurane/Nitric oxide
30
Alveolar partial pressure decreases ____ with more soluble anesthetics
More slowly
31
If large quantities of the anesthetic are dissolved in tissues, they serve as reservouir that maintains alveolar partial pressure, this leads to
Slower recovery
32
Halothane effect on CO
It decreases stroke volume decreasing CO
33
True/False: With halothane, there is usually no change in vascular resistance
True
34
What effect do inhaled anesthetics have in EEG?
Brain waves become larger and slower in frequency
35
The risk of developing elevations of hepatic enzymes in serum can happen after ____ of surgery
After 3 hours of surgery
36
Halothane depresses these in the kidney (2)
1. Renal blood flow 2. GFR
37
About ____ of the administered halothane undergoes biotransformation
20-25%
38
The major metabolite from halothane biotransformation is
Trifluoroacetic acid | Eliminated by the kidney
39
Isoflurane undergoes a ____ of biotransformation
0.17%
40
What effect do variations in temperature have on desflurane delivery?
Unacceptable variations in delivery
41
True/False: Desflurane has the lowest solubility providing the fastest induction and recovery
True
42
What happens with desflurane after 1.5 MAC?
Looses hemodynamic advantage and becomes a similar or greater cardiovascular depressant
43
Desflurane undergoes a ____ of biotransformation
0.02%
44
Sevoflurane undergoes a ____ of biotransformation
3%
45
What byproduct of sevoflurane biotransformation is potentially nephrotoxic?
Fluoride
46
What are the methods of control for occupational exposure with inhaled anesthetics? (3)
1. Clean up sources of gas spillage 2. Adequate ventilation 3. Use waste anesthetic scavenging
47
Anesthesia machines (Table)

Anesthesia and Analgesia (4 decks)

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