Chapter 15 - Kidneys

Question 1

Pyelonephritis

Answer 1

inflammation of nephron; AKA kidney infection

Question 2

uremia

Answer 2

urine in the blood

Question 3

glomerulonephritis

Answer 3

inflammation of glomerulus from bacterial infection

Question 4

glomerulosclerosis

Answer 4

hardening of renal blood vessels

Question 5

BUN

Answer 5

blood urea nitrogen; waste product that kidneys filter from blood)u

Question 6

Urolithiasis

Answer 6

formation of kidney stones (renal calculi)

Question 7

Renal calculi

Answer 7

kidney stones

Question 8

Vesicoureteral reflux

Answer 8

urine flows backward into ureters

Question 9

shock lithotripsy

Answer 9

treatment for kidney stones; break them intro fragments that can be excreted

Question 10

cystoscopy

Answer 10

endoscopy of bladder and ureter; remove stones; collect biopsies, etc.

Question 11

interstitial nephritis

Answer 11

inflamed spaces between tubules

Question 12

hematuria

Answer 12

blood in the urine

Question 13

polyuria

Answer 13

increased frequency and volume of urine

Question 14

nocturia

Answer 14

increased urination at night

Question 15

oliguria

Answer 15

decreased urinary output

Question 16

anuria

Answer 16

absence of urine

Question 17

dysuria

Answer 17

painful urination

Question 18

what is the definition of glomerulonephritis ?

Answer 18

inflammation of the glomerulus

Question 19

etiology of glomerulonephritis

Answer 19

it follows after a bacterial infection. antigens and antibodies deposit on the glomerulus and cause inflammation

Question 20

clinical manifestations of glomerulonephritis in children

Answer 20

edema
nausea, malaise, fever
oliguria
hypertension
elevation of BUN
hematuria, proteinuria

Question 21

what factors are in normal urine

Answer 21

bile pigments
no protein
no glucose
no ketones
odorless
pH of 6 (slightly acidic)
not cloudy

Question 22

glomerulosclerosis definition

Answer 22

thickening/scarring of renal blood vessels as a result of hypertension and/or diabetes

Question 23

etiology of glomerulosclerosis

Answer 23

lumen narrows, decreasing blood flow; decreased filtration ability; shrinking kidneys

Question 24

what can glomerulosclerosis lead to?

Answer 24

chronic renal failure

Question 25

Renal agenesis

Answer 25

failure of one or both kidneys to develop -- bilateral: neither develop unilateral: one develops malposition: fuse together (horseshoe)

Question 26

Renal hypoplasia

Answer 26

less cell division in kidneys and it does not fully develop during embryonic period

Question 27

Renal dysplasia

Answer 27

kidney is abnormally formed because of disorganized/malformed tissue -- kidneys develop into cysts; severe - won't survive

Question 28

Hereditary Polycystic Kidney Disease

Answer 28

kidney has many cysts and they replace normal kidney function; requires transplant

Question 29

autosomal recessive PCKD

Answer 29

ALWAYS HAS LIVER INVOLVEMENT -mostly in children -rare

Question 30

autosomal dominant PCKD

Answer 30

-mostly in adults -common -reduced life expectancy from hypertension and chronic renal failure

Question 31

acute tubular necrosis definition

Answer 31

damage/death to tubule tissue

Question 32

pathogenesis of acute tubular necrosis

Answer 32

-bad renal blood flow from shock and/or DIC -toxic drugs or chemicals like anti-fungal medications and antibiotics

Question 33

clinical manifestations of acute tubular necrosis

Answer 33

-acute renal failure; oliguria and/or anuria

Question 34

survival rate of acute tubular necrosis into acute renal failure

Answer 34

50%

Question 35

how to treat tubular necrosis

Answer 35

dialysis

Question 36

what are kidney stones made of?

Answer 36

calcium, uric acid

Question 37

risk factors for kidney stones

Answer 37

dehydration gout (increased uric acid) urinary tract obstructions

Question 38

symptoms of kidney stones

Answer 38

hematuria (blood in urine) flank pain

Question 39

complications of vesicoureteral reflux

Answer 39

UTI pyelonephritis (kidney infection)

Question 40

bladder cancer main risk factor

Answer 40

smoking

Question 41

kidney cancer in children

Answer 41

Nephroblastoma (wilms tumor)

Question 42

kidney cancer in adults

Answer 42

renal cell carcinoma

Question 43

risk factors for renal cell carcinoma

Answer 43

smoking age male chronic kidney disease

Question 44

clinical manifestations of renal failure

Answer 44

-uremia (urine in blood) -renal filtering function decreases

Question 45

causes of renal failure

Answer 45

-diabetes -hypertension

Question 46

what type of dialysis is most common today?

Answer 46

extracorpeal

Question 47

UTI definition

Answer 47

bacterial infection of urethra and urinary tract

Question 48

are UTIs more common in men or women?

Answer 48

women

Question 49

Symptoms of UTI

Answer 49

dysuria polyuria urgency to urinate, but can't fever malaise

Question 50

Risk factors for UTIs

Answer 50

female sexual activity and not peeing after diabetes vesicoureteral reflux catheterization

Question 51

nephrotic syndrome

Answer 51

massive proteinuria = low albumin = EDEMA

Question 52

nephritic syndrome

Answer 52

Inflammation of barrier induced by injury leads to HEMATURIA

Question 53

What is the most common cause of renal failure in the US

Answer 53

diabetic nephropathy