Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
Demonic model
A
Mental illness viewed as a being passed by a demon or the devil
-need to get evil out of your body
(476 to 1492)
2
Q
Witches
A
Mental ill people
-devils mark (birth mark)
3
Q
Treatment for mental illness in demonic model
A
Rituals or removal of demons
-drowning test (tied to heavy object, to see if they are a witch)
4
Q
Medical model
A
1400 to 1900
-new way of thinking, renaissance period
-mental illness was linked to physical disorders
5
Q
What was bad about medical model
A
Government crammed whoever was deemed mentally ill into an asylum
-human rights
Wealthy people would watch
6
Q
Bloodletting
A
Medical model
-mental illness was related to having too much blood, so they would drain the blood out of their body (40%)
7
Q
Scaring out the mental illness
A
Medical model
-throwing people into snakes
-placebo effect
8
Q
Dix and pinel
A
Spoke out for human rights and better treatment for patients in asylums
-empathy, kindess
9
Q
The modern era
A
1900 to present
-pharmaceutical drugs used to treat symptoms (hallucinations and delusions)
10
Q
Chlopromazine
A
Allowed people to function day to day
-shut down asylums into society
11
Q
Draw backs to shutting down asylums
A
Had no where to go, no money, no policies to look after them, no follow up care
-patients would stop taking the medications (no social support)
12
Q
Culturally bound syndromes
A
-windigo
-koro
-saora
13
Q
Saora disorder
A
Fits of inappropriate crying or laughing
-sensation of ants biting your body
14
Q
Windigo
A
Fear of becoming a carnival or intense cravings of human flesh
15
Q
Koro
A
Patients believe their gentitals are sucking into their body and disappearing
-social contagion
16
Q
Social contagion can lead to
A
Mass hysteria
17
Q
Autism spectrum disorder
A
Spectrum, can be severe in some aspects and less in others
18
Q
Asburgers
A
19
Q
Autism
A
Diagnosed in early years
-language deficit, social bonding, imagination
-intellectual impairment
20
Q
Autism symptoms
A
-social impairements
-repetitive or restrictive behaviours
-resistant to change
-highly specialized and limited interests
21
Q
Autism comorbid
A
Can occur at the same time as other disorders
-giftedness, depression, ADHD
22
Q
What was wrong with the anti-vaxx autism study
A
-extremely small sample size
-data was made up
-illusory correlation
23
Q
Recent research of autism
A
Diagnosis increasing over time, due to expansion of symptoms in this spectrum
-positive as more children can be accommodated if they fall under the diagnosis
24
Q
Diagnosis and autism
A
Better to be miss diagnosed early than never diagnosed
25
ADHD or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
3-7%
-over the top hyper and active children
-boys more often diagnosed 3.5:1
26
Issues with ADHD
Some children are labeled as ADHD in some cases where they just need basic parenting
-behavioural control
-there is an over diagnosis
27
Most cases of ADHD are influenced by..
Genetics
But-> smoking, drinking, illness, or toxins can also lead to ADHD
28
Symptoms of ADHD: inattentive
Easily distracted, unorganized, difficulty listening a
29
Symptoms of ADHD: hyperactive and impulsive
-difficulty sitting still
-rush through tasks
-make rash decisions
30
Early onset bipolar disorder
Can be diagnosed very early in childhood
-overdiagnosis of ADHD at expensive of bipolar
31
DMDD or disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
New category to properly diagnosis children
-persistent irritability compared to episodic
32
DMDD
-chronic irritability
-depression and ADHD
-temper outburst
33
Anxiety disorders
Transient and adaptive
-btu can become excessive and inappropriate
34
Psychological disorder fo anxiety creates
Physiological responses
35
Illness anxiety disorder
Thinking you have a serious disease and are going to die
36
Anxiety
Anytime you over think something
-very large category
37
Generalized anxiety disorder
Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tensions and irritability
-3%
-1/3 people develop after major life stressor
More prevalent females, Caucasian’s >
38
Panic disorder
Repeated unexpected panic attacks
-persistent concerns about future panic attacks
-change in behaviour to avoid panic attack
39
Phobias
Intense fear of an object or situation that is irrational
-most common 11%
40
Agoraphobia
Fear of people
41
Post traumatic stress disorder
Removed from general anxiety disorder —> trauma and stress related
-emotional disturbances after you experience or witness a severely stressful event
-flashbacks, reoccurring dreams, avoidance, somatic anxiety symptoms
42
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Obsessions that are unwanted and inappropriate caused by distress
-distress is alleviated by compulsions
-must spend 1 our of day engaging in obsessions
—> obsessive disorder
43
Hoarding fits into what classification
Obsessive disorder
44
Learning models and acquiring fears
Attain via classical conditions and then manning them via operant conditioning OR they can be witnessed and learned
-direct or indirect
45
Chronic anxiety
Chronic anxiety can change the way you think
-catastrophic thinking —> predicting terrible events despite low probability (priming oneself to anxiety)
46
Anxiety sensitivity
Some people are more sensitive to fear of anxiety
-may be genetic (due to neuroticism)
47
Genetic influence in OCD
Malfunction of caudate nucleus
48
Genetic relationship between what two disorders
OCD and Tourette’s
49
Mood disorders (five)
Major depressive disorder, dysthymia (milder chronic MDD), cyclothymia (mild chronic bipolar), Bipolar 1 (mania not depression), bipolar 2 (depression and manic states)
50
Percentages of mood disorders
North Americans 20%
-MDD 16% (more prevalent in females around 30s)
51
Depression symptoms stats
Develop gradually or suddenly, but are often redcurrant
52
Average episode lasts (MDD)
Six months, to 1 year
53
Symptoms of MDD
-blue or irritable
-sleep difficulty and loss of energy
-weight change and thoughts of death/suicide
54
Explanations for mood disorders
Interplay between biological and social influence
-life events
55
Behavioural model and depression
Depression results from low rate of positive reinforcement in the environment
56
Becks cognitive model
Depression is caused by negative belief and expectations
57
Cognitive triad
Stuck in a cycle of negative schemas —> distorted thought patterns to fit those schemas
58
Learned helplessness
Tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can’t control
59
Failure attribution in depression
Failure internally, but have global stable attributions
60
Genes + MDD
Moderate influence: serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
61
Bipolar disorder (common, affects)
Both depressive and manic episodes
-equally as common in men and women
-serious problems in occupational and social realms
-genetic> environmental (but still have effect, can be negative or positive events)
62
Myth: talking to persons with depression about suicide often makes them more likely to carry out the act
Talking to persons with depression about suicide makes them more likely to obtain help
63
Myth: suicide almost always occurs with no warning
Many or most individuals who die by suicide communicate their intent to others
64
Myth: as a severe depression lifts, peoples suicide risk decreases
As severe depression lifts, suicide actually increases, due to more energetic to attempt the act
65
Myth: most people who threaten suicide are seeking attention
Although attention seeking motvates some suicidal behaviours, most suicidal acts stem from depression and hopelessness
66
Myth: people who talk a lot about suicide almost ever carry out the act
Talking about suicide is associated with a considerably greater risk of suicide
67
Symptoms of bipolar
-elevated moods, lower need to sleep, inflated self esteem, talkativeness, irresponsible behaviours
68
Bipolar 1 vs Bipolar 2
1: Experiencing depression, mania with possible psychosis (MORE MANIC)
2: milder symptoms, depression and normal moods, hypomania (milder) (MORE DEPRESSION)
69
Personality disorders are diagnosed when?
personality trait appeared by adolescence, traits are inflexible/stable/general, when these traits lead to distress or impairment
70
how many personality disorders are listen in the DSM-5
Ten
71
Borderline personality disorder
Instability in mood, identity and impulse control
-many experience drug abuse, sexual promiscuity, overeating and self mutilation
-threaten to kill themselves to get what they want
72
Kernberg theroy about BPD
Lack of emotional bonding in childhood
-can’t tell difference between perceptions
-related to parents
73
Lineham theory about BPD
Sociobiological model (genetics)
-inherited tendency to overreact to stress
-lifelong difficulties regulating emotions
74
Selby and joiners theory about BPD
Emotional cascade model
-intense rumination causing vicious cycle of acting out (self injury) and ruminating more
Rumination= cannot let go of a thought
75
Psychopathic personality
Guiltless, dishonest, manipulative, callous and self cetnered
-not formally a psychology disorder
-person tend to be charming, personable and engaging
76
Causes of psychopathic personality
Don’t really know
-have fear deficits (respond to fear with less arousal)
-under aroused (seeking out stimulus)
-not motivated to learn thru punishment
77
Dissociative disorders
Disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception
-depersonalize or outside of yourself
-derealize and feel like the world isn’t real
78
Dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue
DA: inability to recall personal information, cannot be explained by normal forgetting
Controversial
1. common in even very healthy individuals, may not be apart of dissociative disorders
2.some people may not be motivated to recall events that are traumatic
3.can be explained by other factors
DF: sudden unplanned travel away from home, accompanied by complete amnesia
Controversial
1.Brain injury, illness or disease/ avoiding a stressful situation
79
Dissociative identity disorder
Two or more distinct identities (alters)
-disrupt a persons usual identity
-not typical of you to act, appear to be a different person
-large range of alters
-physiologically we can tell the alters apart (they will be different)
80
Post traumatic model of DID
Severe early trauma or abuse
-coping mechanism by creating different personalities
-the abuse happened to someone else
81
Sociocognitive DID theory
Shaped by therapy and cultural influences
-caused by peoples expectations and beliefs
Evidence: once treatment is started the alters begin to increase
82
Treatment usually causes what in DID
Increases number of alters seen
83
Schizophrenia
Severe disorder of thought and emotion, loss of contact wiht reality
-strongly held fixed belief with no basis in reality (delusions)
-disorganized speech, echolia (mimic sound), catatonia (copy movements)
84
Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Positive: delusions, hallucinations
Negative (lacking): monosyllables speech, affect, inability to feel pleasure
85
Causes of schizophrenia
Highly genetically influenced
-brain abnormalities (large ventricles, inc suici size, hypofrontality or dec blood flow in frontal cortex)
-abnormality in dopamine receptors
86
Diathesis stress model (vulnerability to mental illness) in schizophrenia
-inherited predisposition
-prenatal/childhood trauma (sexual or physical abuse), family conflict, significant life changes (all can protect or create)
Stronger the diathesis (genetic/biological vulnerability) the lower the stress needed to initiate the disorder)
87
Using DSM-5
1. Identity symptoms
2. General category and determine individual disorders
3. Duration and severity
4. Rule out alternatives (drugs)
5. Reason why we could go thru process, do they need?
88
Four aspects of mental illness
-Statistical rarity (uncommon symptom or trait, just because its rare doesn’t mean there’s a mental illness)
-impairment (does the person have trouble living a good life because of… the symptoms)
-biological dysfunction (by itself does not mean mental illness)
-subjective distress (suffering means needing treatment, some disorders don’t cause distress)
89
Societal disapproval
When society puts shame on people who live with a mental illness or have treatment for their distress
-could we be causing more harm than good for treating
-since it impacts the rest of their life
90
DSM-5 other features
-prevalence of people having the disorder
-promotes bio psychosocial approach
-diversity of population
91
Problems with DSM-5
-validity (mathematics disorder, people not good at math)
-comorbidity, several diagnosis fit
-categorical model (there is no imbetween)
92
Mental illness and the law
-majority of schizophrenia are not aggressive, but if known to have will be treated AS aggressive
-insanity defence: requires people to not know: what they were doing at the crime, what they were doing was wrong
