Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

psych 105 > Chapter 15: Psychological disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Psychological disorders Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Mental disorder

A

-Psychopathology
-No universal agreement
-Persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions
-Cause significant distress or impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Psychopathology throughout histroy

A

-God’s punishment
-Evil Spirits (Chisel holes in peoples heads)
-“Crime” deviates from the normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Medical model

A

-Abnormal psychological experiences are illnesses like physical illnesses
-Biological and environmental causes
-Defined symptoms
-Possible cures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Signs

A

Objectively observed indicators of a disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjectively reported behaviors, thoughts and emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Disorder VS Disease VS Diagnosis

A

Disorder: Common set of signs or symptoms
-Disease: Pathological process affecting the body
-Diagnosis: Determination as to whether a disorder or disease is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Physiognomy

A

-Mental disorders could be diagnosed from facial features
-NOT VALID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

DSM-5

A

-The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th edition
-Official book with all the major mental disorders by the American Psychiatric Association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ICD-11

A

-International classification of diseases, 11th edition
-International classification of all diseases (Including mental disorders) by the World Health Organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

DSM (1952)

A

-Classification system
-Describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder
-Indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other similar problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DSM-ll

A

-1968
-First revision
-Provides common language about disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

DSM-lll + DSM-IV

A

-1994
-Moved from vague disorder descriptions
-Provided detailed list of symptoms/diagnostic criteria for more than 200 disorders
-Improved reliability in diagnosis of mental disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Current DSM

A

-DSM-5; DSM-5-TR, 2022
-Includes fully revised text and references of the DSM-5 and updated diagnostic criteria and ICD-10-CM insurance codes
-It also features a new disorder, prolonged grief disorder and codes for suicidal vs non suicidal behavior
-Provides framework for thinking about differences in cultural concepts of distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Comorbidity

A

-Most of those with a mental disorder report Comorbidity
-Co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cultural context

A

-Influences how mental disorders are
-Experienced
-Described
-Assessed
-Treated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cultural syndromes

A

-Taijin kyofusho: Japanese syndrome in which a person fears and avoids contact with others due to the belief that they are inadequate or offensive in some way
-Combines 2 DSM-5-TR conditions
-Social anxiety and body dysmorphic disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Medical model of mental disorder

A

-Knowing a persons diagnosis is useful because any given category of mental illness is likely to have distinctive cause
-Specific etiology (Pattern of causes)
-Common prognosis (Course over time and susceptibility to treatment and cure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Biopsychological perspective

A

-Mental disorders are a result of interaction among biological, psychological and social factors
-Different individuals may experience a similar psychological disorder for other reasons
-rarely a single cause that is internal to the person with a single cure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Psychological disorders caused by

A

-Diathesis (vulnerability factor):
-Genetic/developmental risk factor
-Brain structure
-Social support
and
-Stressors: Traumatic or upsetting event that triggers disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

RdoC

A

-Research domain criteria project
-New initiative to guide classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them
-Long-term goal: Better understand what abnormalities cause different disorders
-Classify disorders based on those underlying causes rather than on observed symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cause of abnormal functioning

A

-Biological factors
-Psychological domains
-Social processes and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dangers of labelling

A

-Psychiatric labels can have negative consequences because of their association with negative stereotypes and stigma
-may prevent seeking help
-May create negative self view
-May contribute to lower self esteem and self-efficacy
-Higher levels of depressive symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anxiety disorder

A

-Anxiety is the predominant feature
-More than one type of anxiety at a time
-Comorbid with depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

DSM-5-TR

A

-Phobic disorders
-Panic disorders
-generalized anxiety disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Phobic disorders
-Anxiety disorder -Characterized by marked, persistent and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations -Characterized by: Heritability, temperament, abnormalities in serotonin or dopamine, amygdala, -Specific phobia -Social phobia
26
Specific phobia
-Animals -Natural environments -Situations (bridges, elevators) -Blood -Injections etc
27
Social phobias
-Typically emerge between early adolescents and early adulthood
28
preparedness theory
-People are instinctively predisposed towards certain fear -Predisposed us to avoid (Fear)
29
Panic disorder
-Sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror; panic attacks -Shortness of breath, heart palpitation, sweating, dizziness, depersonalization, derealization, fear of death/insanity -Twice as prevalent among women -Hypersensitive to physiological signs of anxiety -experiments with sodium lactate
30
Agoraphobia
-Specific phobia involving fear of public places -Fear something terrible will happen
31
Generalized Anxiety disorder (GAD)
-Chronic excessive worry accompanied by 3 or more symptoms -Restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance -Biological and psychological factors contribute -Neurotransmitter imbalance -Occurs more in people who are in lower SES groups, large cities, unpredictable environments, higher rate in women
32
OCD
-Obsessions: Repetitive, intrusive thoughts. Could be read threat (phobia; preparedness theory) and though suppression can backfire -Compulsions: Ritualistic behaviors, designed to prevent thoughts that interfere with an individuals functioning
33
OCD in DSM-5-TR-
-Separated from anxiety disorders -Distinct causes and brain neural activity -High activity or connectedness between areas involved habitual behavior (cortical-striato-thalamo-cortical loop) -behavioral therapy success = 3 in 4 -50-70% heritability -Higher in women
34
PTSD
-Characterized by chronic physiological arousal -Recurrent, unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma -avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind
35
PTSD stats
-Higher in non-western and developing countries -3 in 4 Canadians at some point were involved in an event that could trigger PTSD (does not mean they developed it) -Brain imaging techniques identified important neural correlates -heightened amygdala activity -Decreased medial-prefrontal cortex -Smaller hippocampus
36
Mood
-Relatively long-lasting nonspecific emotional state -For some with mood-disorders, moods can become so intense that they endanger life-threatening actions
37
Mood disorders
-Mental disorders that have mood disturbances as their predominant feature -2 main forms 1) depression (unipolar depression) 2) Bipolar depression (Swing between extreme depression and extreme mania)
38
Depressive disorders
-Depressive disorders are dysfunctional and chronic, beyond socially or culturally expected responses -Major depressive disorder (unipolar) -Persistence depressive disorder
39
Major depressive disorder (unipolar)
-Characterized by severely depressed mood that lasts 2 or more weeks -Feelings of worthlessness -Lack of pleasure -Lethargy (tired) -Sleep/appetite disturbances
40
Persistence depressive disorder
-Same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present -Less severe and last longer -Persist for at least 2 years
41
Double depression
-Occurs when major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder co-occur -Moderately depressed mood that persists at least 2 years and punctuated by periods of major depression
42
Seasonal affective disorder
-SAD -Involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern -Pattern due to reduced levels of light in colder seasons; higher latitudes
43
risk for depression
-Approx. 1 in 9 people in Canada and US meet the criteria for depression at some point -linked with gender, SES, hormones (estrogen, androgen, progesterone) and willingness to seek treatment
44
Recurrent depression
-More severe symptoms, higher rates of depression in their families -More suicidal attempts -Higher rates of divorce
45
Neurotransmitters
-Depression may involve absolute or relative decrease of norepinephrine and serotonin -Zoloft and Prozac to increase serotonin
46
Genes
-Depression shows moderate heritability -Increases as function of severity (35-50%)
47
Diathesis-stress model
-Genetic diathesis related to serotonin activity and major stressful life events -Not been verified
48
Brain
-Increased emotional processing information processing areas -Decreased in cognitive control areas
49
Aaron beck
-1967 -Dysfunctional activity and negative mood states in individuals who were depressed -Helplessness theory: Attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, global -Beck updated cognitive model of depression as negative scheme characterization by biases -Interpretation of information, attention and memory
50
Bipolar disorder
-Unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) -Low mood (depression -45-90% of people with bipolar disorder experience major depression disorder before manic phase -Higher creativity and intellectual ability
51
Bipolar subtypes
bipolar l: At least one depressive episode and one manic episode bipolar ll: depressive episode followed by a hypomanic episode (lower intensity) Rapid cycling disorder: At least 4 mood episodes a year
52
Genetics with bipolar disorder
-40-70% heritability with identical twins -likely polygenic (multiple genes) -Pleioptropic effects (One gene influence susceptibility to multiple disorder) -Mood regulation, cognitive impairment and social withdrawal
53
Epigenetics
-Stressful life experiences often precede manic and depressive episodes -People living with family members who are high in expression emotion (criticism towards family member with mental disorder) are more likely to relapse than people with supportive families
54
Psychosis
Break from reality
55
Schizophrenia
-Psychosis -Disorder characterized by profound disruption of basic psychological processes -Distorted perception of reality -Altered or blunted emotion -Disturbances in thought, motivation and behavior
56
symptoms from schizophrenia
-Positive: Things that weren't present before the disease -Negative: Things that were present before the disease -Disorganized: Disruptions or deficits in abilities of speech, movement and cognition -Cognitive: Deficit in cognitive abilities
57
Hallucinations
-False perceptual experiences that have compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation -65% report hearing voices -Activity in Broca's area (speech) self generated -Does not sound like self-talk/a kind person talking
58
Delusions
-False beliefs, bizarre and grandiose that are maintained in spite of their irrationality -Jesus Christ, Napoleon -Misconception of multiple personalities -Delusions of persecution -No understanding of their disordered perceptual and though process so develop unusual beliefs about being controlled through external agents
59
Negative symptoms
-Deficits of disruptions of normal emotions and behaviors -Emotional and social withdrawal -Apathy -Poverty of speech -absence/insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation and emotion -Deadpan responses, loose interest in people or events
60
Disorganized symptoms
-Disorganized speech -Grossly disorganized behavior -Catatonic behavior
61
Disorganized speech
-Severe disruption of verbal communication with ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics -Difficulty organizing thoughts and focusing attention -Irrelevant response to questions -Associate ideas loosely -Use words in bizarre ways
62
Grossly disorganized behavior
-Inappropriate behavior for situation or for attaining goals; often with motor disturbances -Constant childlike silliness -Improper sexual behavior -Inappropriate attire -Loud shouting and swearing -Strange movement, rigid posture, odd mannerism and hyperactivity
63
Catatonic behavior
-Decrease in all movement or increase muscular rigidity and overactivity -Keeping an unusual posture and fail to move for hours -Resist movement -can be side effect from medication
64
Deficits in cognition
-Executive functioning -Attention -Working memory -Prevents good performance in jobs or friendships -1 in 200 -onset 20-29 years
65
Genetic factors
concordance rates (how similar twins are) increase dramatically with biological relatedness
66
Environmental factors
-Prenatal, perinatal environments also affect concordance rates -Environmental stressors can trigger epigenetic changes that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia
67
Dopamine hypothesis
-Schizophrenia involves excessive dopamine activity -Some believe hypothesis is incomplete -Favorable response rate to dopamine blocking drugs is not 100% -Difference between rapid drug blocking action and patient beneficial response -Other neurotransmitters implicated with schizophrenia
68
Enlarged ventricles in schizophrenia theory
-In minority of individuals with schizophrenia -In individuals without schizophrenia as well -Effects of long term antipsychotic medication
69
Social/psychological factors
-Disturbed family environmental may affect development and recovery of schizophrenia -Disturbed families: Those with extreme conflict, lack of communication or chaotic relationships -Findings provide support for the diathesis stress model
70
Disorders in childhood VS adolescence
-Some disorders begin in childhood or adolescence and never develop after this developmental period -Autism spectrum disorder -ADHD -Conduct disorder -Intellectucal -Learning disorders -Motor skill disorders -Communication disorders
71
Autism spectrum disorders
-persistent communication deficits -Restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests or activities -in DSM, autism includes multiple disorders sperate in DSM-IV
72
Statistics of ASD (Autism spectrum disorder)
-230 per 10,00 (1 in 44) children in disorders that fall under the ASD in the DSM-5 -Many children diagnosed with ASD no longer fit criteria in adulthood -Impaired capacity for empathizing -Superior capacity for systemizing -Highly variable trajectories
73
Theories
- Early: Childhood schizophrenia -Current theory: Heterogeneous traits that cluster together in some families (90% heritability)
74
ADHD
-Persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention (sustained attention, organization, memory, instruction) -Hyperactivity or impulsiveness
75
ADHD diagnosis criteria
-Predominantly inattentive symptoms and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms -Combined presentation (DSM-5) -Does not emerge from one single cause -Biological influence -Effective drug treatments
76
Conduct disorder
-Persistent pattern of deviant behavior -Aggression towards people or animals -Destruction of property -Deceitfulness or theft -Serious rule violations
77
Symptoms of conduct disorder
-Diverse and wide range -Range of genetic, environmental and biological -Maternal smoking during pregnancy, affiliation with peer groups and presence of deficits in executive functioning -Comorbidity with ADHD, substance use disorders, antisocial personality disorder
78
Extreme personality disorder
-Deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking -Feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning -10 specific personality disorders that fall under 3 clusters 1) Odd/eccentric 2) Dramatic/erratic 3) Anxious/inhibited
79
Antisocial personality disorder (APD)
-Pervasive pattern of disregard and violation of the rights of others -Begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood -History of conduct disorder before age 15 -3.6% of population (men 3x more than women) -Sociopaths, psychopaths -Brain abnormalities
80
Suicidal behavior VS nonsuicidal, self-injury disorder
-Suicidal behavior disorder: Intentional self-inflicted death (2nd most common cause of death for people aged 15-34 in Canada) -Nonsuicidal, self-injury disorder: Direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of any intent to die. Absent in childhood and increases in adolescence with decrease into adulthood -Nonfatal suicide attempt: Potential harmful behavior with some intention of dying, higher incidence than suicide deaths

psych 105 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions