chapter 15 psychological disorders

Question 1

demonic model

Answer 1

view of mental illness in which behaving oddly, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body

Question 2

medical model

Answer 2

view of mental illness as a result of a physical disorder requiring medical treatment

Question 3

asylum

Answer 3

institution for people with mental illnesses created in the 15th century

Question 4

deinstitutionalization

Answer 4

the governmental policy of the 1960s and 1970s that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospital

Question 5

interrater reliability:

Answer 5

the extent to which different raters (such as different psychologists) agree on patients’ diagnoses

Question 6

labeling theorists

Answer 6

scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people’s perceptions and behaviors

Question 7

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Answer 7

(DSM)diagnostic system containing the American Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria for mental disorders”

Question 8

prevalence

Answer 8

percentage of people within a population who have a specific mental disorder

Question 9

comorbidity

Answer 9

co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person

Question 10

categorical model

Answer 10

model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in kind rather than degree

Question 11

dimensional model

Answer 11

model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind

Question 12

medical students’ syndrome

Answer 12

As medical students first become familiar with the symptoms of specific diseases, they often begin to focus on their bodily processes

Question 13

involuntary commitment

Answer 13

procedure of placing some people with mental illnesses in a psychiatric hospital or another facility based on their potential danger to themselves or others or their inability to care for themselves.

Question 14

insanity defense

Answer 14

Legal defense proposing that people shouldn’t be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren’t of “sound mind” when committing them.

Question 15

somatic symptom disorder

Answer 15

condition marked by excessive anxiety about physical symptoms with a medical or purely psychological origin.

Question 16

illness anxiety disorder

Answer 16

condition marked by intense preoccupation with the possibility of a serious undiagnosed illness.

Question 17

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Answer 17

continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning.

Question 18

phobia

Answer 18

intense fear of an object or a situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat.

Question 19

agoraphobia

Answer 19

fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack.

Question 20

social anxiety disorder

Answer 20

intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations.

Question 21

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 21

marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event.

Question 22

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 22

condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both.

Question 23

obsession

Answer 23

persistent idea, thought, or urge that is unwanted, causing marked distress

Question 24

compulsion

Answer 24

repetitive behavior or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress.

Question 25

catastrophizing

Answer 25

is a core feature of anxious thinking People catastrophize when they predict terrible events—such as contracting a life-threatening illness from turning a doorknob—despite their low probability

Question 26

hompophones

Answer 26

words that sound the same but have two different meanings and spellings

Question 27

anxiety sensitivity

Answer 27

fear of anxiety-related sensations.

Question 28

major depressive episode

Answer 28

state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties.

Question 29

learned helplessness

Answer 29

tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can’t control.

Question 30

manic episode

Answer 30

experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behavior

Question 31

bipolar disorder

Answer 31

condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode.

Question 32

psychache

Answer 32

agonizing psychological pain

Question 33

personality disorder

Answer 33

condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence, are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations, and lead to distress or impairment.

Question 34

borderline personality disorder

Answer 34

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

Question 35

dissociative disorder

Answer 35

condition involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception"

Question 36

depersonalization/derealization

Answer 36

disordercondition marked by multiple episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both.

Question 37

dissociative amnesia

Answer 37

inability to recall important personal information—most often related to a stressful experience—that can’t be explained by ordinary forgetfulness.

Question 38

dissociative fugue

Answer 38

sudden, unexpected travel away from home or the workplace, accompanied by amnesia for significant life events

Question 39

antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)

Answer 39

condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible or illegal actions.

Question 40

Yerkes–Dodson law

Answer 40

describes a well-established psychological principle: an inverted U-shaped relationship between arousal on the one hand and mood and performance on the other. As this law reminds us, people who are habitually under aroused experience stimulus hunger

Question 41

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 41

condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behavior.

Question 42

schizophrenia

Answer 42

severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality.

Question 43

dementia praecox

Answer 43

meaning psychological deterioration in youth.

Question 44

delusion

Answer 44

strongly held fixed belief that has no basis in reality.

Question 45

psychotic symptom

Answer 45

psychological problem reflecting serious distortions in reality.

Question 46

hallucination

Answer 46

sensory perception that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus.

Question 47

Command hallucinations

Answer 47

which tell patients what to do (“Go over to that man and tell him to shut up

Question 48

Capgras syndrome

Answer 48

Belief that a familiar person has been replaced by an imposter

Question 49

Fregoli delusion

Answer 49

-that different people are actually the same person in disguise

Question 50

Clinical lycanthropy

Answer 50

Belief that one has turned into a wolf or has the ability to do so

Question 51

Cervanthropy

Answer 51

Belief that one has turned into a deer.

Question 52

Truman Show delusion

Answer 52

Belief that one is being filmed and the films are being viewed by others, as depicted in the 1998 movie The Truman Show starring Jim Carrey

Question 53

Folie à deux

Answer 53

French for the “folly of two” a person in a close relationship induces the same delusion in his or her partner (e.g., the government is poisoning their food). Rare cases of folie a deux in identical twins, folie a trois (involving three people), and folie a famille (involving an entire family) have also been reported

Question 54

Somatoparaphrenia

Answer 54

Unawareness of a body part, such as a limb (or an entire side of the body), or the belief that it belongs to another person.

Question 55

Cotard delusion

Answer 55

Belief that one is dead

Question 56

echolalia

Answer 56

repeat a phrase in conversation in a parrotlike manner,"

Question 57

expressed emotion (EE)—

Answer 57

that is, criticism, hostility, and overinvolvement

Question 58

diathesis-stress model

Answer 58

perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability.