Chapter 15- Respiration

Question 0

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 0

• Gas exchange
• Regulation of blood pH
• Voice production
• Olfaction
• Innate immunity

Question 1

What is respiration?

Answer 1

Breathing

Question 2

How can the respiratory be divided?

Answer 2

• Upper Respiratory Tract

- Lower Respiratory Tract

Question 3

Name the parts of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 3

• External nose
• Nasal cavity
• Pharynx

Question 4

What is sinusitis?

Answer 4

Inflammation of the sinus

Question 5

What are the functions of the nose?

Answer 5

• Filters
• Airway for respiration
• Olfactory receptors
• Warms air
• Sneezing dislodges materials from nose

Question 6

What are the parts of the pharynx?

Answer 6

• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx

Question 7

What looks like “little grapes”?

Answer 7

Uvula

Question 8

What prevents food/drink from entering the larynx?

Answer 8

Epiglottis

Question 9

What type of cartilage is the larynx?

Answer 9

Thyroid cartilage

Question 10

Describe vocal cords.

Answer 10

Two ligamentous folds form the vocal cords.

Question 11

What type of epithelial cells are primarily found in the rspiratory system?

Answer 11

Ciliated pseudostratified

Question 12

Describe bronchi.

Answer 12

They divide from the trachea and connect to the lungs.

Question 13

What is the primary organ of the respiratory system?

Answer 13

Lungs

Question 14

How many lobes are on the right lung?

Answer 14

There are 3 lobes on the right.

Question 15

How many lobes are on the left side?

Answer 15

There are 2 lobes on the left

Question 16

Where does gas exchange occur?

Answer 16

Lungs (Respiratory Membrane)

Question 17

What are the 6 layers of the respiratory membrane?

Answer 17

• Thin layer of fluid from alveolus
• Alveolar epithelium
• Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium
• Thin interstitial place
• Basement membrane of capillary endothelium
• Capillary endothelium

Question 18

What allows lungs to expand and recoil?

Answer 18

Rib cage

Question 19

When is surfactant produced?

Answer 19

At the last 6 weeks of gestation

Question 20

Why is it surfactant important?

Answer 20

It keeps the lungs from collapsing

Question 21

What are the layers of the pleural membrane?

Answer 21

Thoracic cavity and Pleura

Question 22

What is the function of the pleura cavity?

Answer 22

Allows movement of membranes during respiration.

Question 23

What is ventilation?

Answer 23

Process of moving air in and out of lungs.

Question 24

What are the phases of ventilation?

Answer 24

Inspiration and Expiration

Question 25

Why is the diaphragm so important?

Answer 25

It is a skeletal muscle that separates thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Question 26

Explain the principles that allow for air to flow in and out?

Answer 26

1. Change in volume -> change in pressure - when thoracic cavity volume increases, pressure decreases - when thoracic cavity volume decreases, pressure increases 2. Air flows from areas of high to low pressure

Question 27

What happens to volume of thoracic cavity during inspiration?

Answer 27

Volume increases, pressure decreases

Question 28

Describe atmospheric vs. alveolar pressure during expiration.

Answer 28

In expiration, alveolar pressure is greater than (high) atmospheric pressure (low).

Question 29

What happens to volume of thoracic cavity during expiration?

Answer 29

Volume decreases, pressure increases

Question 30

What is lung recoil?

Answer 30

Tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in size.

Question 31

Define tidal volume.

Answer 31

Volume of air inspired and expired during quiet breathing.

Question 32

What is TLC?

Answer 32

Total Lung Capacity | TLC=VC+RV

Question 33

Define IRV

Answer 33

Inspiratory Reserve Volume | - volume of air that can be inspired forcefully after a normal inspiration

Question 34

Define ERV

Answer 34

Expiratory Reserve Volume | - volume of air that can be expired forcefully after a normal expiration.

Question 35

Define RV

Answer 35

Residual Volume | - volume of air remaining in lungs after a max. expiration (can't be measured with spirometer)

Question 36

What is vital capacity? How is it calculated?

Answer 36

- max amount of air a person can expire after a max inspiration. VC=IRV+ERV+TV

Question 37

What factors influence pulmonary exchange?

Answer 37

- lung elasticity - lung compliance - respiratory passageway resistance

Question 38

What influences gas exchange?

Answer 38

- thickness of membrane - total area of membrane - partial pressure of gases

Question 39

Describe the surface area of our lungs. How is it changed/damged?

Answer 39

Total surface area is 70 square meters (basketball court). It decreases due to removal of lung tissue, destruction from cancer, and emphysema.

Question 40

What is partial pressure?

Answer 40

Pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture of gases.

Question 41

How does diffusion work in the lungs?

Answer 41

O2 diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries (blood). CO2 diffuses from capillaries into alveoli.

Question 42

What is Hering-Breuer Reflex?

Answer 42

Inhibits respiratory center when lungs are stretched during inspiration.

Question 43

Where is ventilation controlled?

Answer 43

By neurons in medulla oblongata

Question 44

What is the normal ventilation rate?

Answer 44

12-20 resp./min

Question 45

How do chemoreceptors in aorta effect ventilation?

Answer 45

Low blood levels of O2 stimulate chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies, increased breathing.

Question 46

Where else are chemoreceptors that effect ventilation?

Answer 46

Medulla oblongata

Question 47

What are some of the respiratory diseases we discussed in class?

Answer 47

Strep throat, Scarlet fever, Tuberculosis, and Pneumonia.

Question 48

What is asthma?

Answer 48

Increased constriction of the trachea when under stress, both physical and emotional.