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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 15: The Ear > Flashcards

Chapter 15: The Ear Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

equilibrium and hearing receptors are located in ___

A

internal ear

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2
Q

hearing information is integrated and organized ___ and sent to __

A

in inner ear; CNS

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3
Q

hair cells are ___ in the inner ear

A

sensory receptors

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4
Q

structure of hair cells

A

free surfaces covered with specialized nonmotile processes

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of processes on hair cells?

A
  1. stereocilia

2. kinocilium

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6
Q

stereocilia

A

resemble long microvili

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7
Q

kinocilium

A

single large cilium

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8
Q

hair cells are what type of receptors?

A

mechanoreceptors

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9
Q

external force pushing on hair cells distorts plasma membrane and alters ___

A

neurotransmitter release

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10
Q

distortion of hair cells is monitored by ___

A

dendrites of sensory neurons

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11
Q

the distortion of hair cells provides information about ___ and __ of the stimulus

A

direction / strength

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12
Q

function of outer ear

A

collects / directs sound waves towards middle ear

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13
Q

what is the auricle?

A

elastic cartilage

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14
Q

what is the external acoustic meatus?

A

passageway in temporal bone

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15
Q

ceruminous glands secrete ___

A

waxy cerumen

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16
Q

function of waxy cerumen

A

keeps foreign objects out and slows growth of microorganisms

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17
Q

function of hairs in ears

A

trap debris

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18
Q

the middle ear is also called the ___

A

tympanic cavity

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19
Q

what is the middle ear?

A

air-filled chamber from tympanic membrane to auditory ossicles

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20
Q

the middle ear connects to pharynx by __

A

auditory tube

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21
Q

what is he tympanic membrane?

A

thin sheet that separates external and middle ear

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22
Q

what connects the tympanic membrane and inner air?

A

auditory ossicles

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23
Q

the inner ear contains __

A

sensory organs for hearing and equilibrium

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24
Q

the inner ear receives ___ from middle ear

A

sound waves

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25
the auditory tube is also called the ___ tube
eustachian tube
26
the auditory tube connects the middle ear to the ___
nasopharynx
27
the auditory tube allows ____ equalization across the tympanic membrane
pressure
28
name of ear infection
otitis media
29
what are the 3 auditory ossicles?
1. malleus 2. inus 3. stapes
30
the malleus attaches to __
tympanic membrane
31
the incus attaches __ to __
malleus to stapes
32
the stapes is attached to the ___
oval window
33
sound waves vibrate ___ (converting sound into mechanical movement)
tympanic membrane
34
auditory ossicles focus sound on the ___ and amplifies it
oval window
35
what is the bony labyrinth?
shell of dense bone surrounding / protecting membranous labyrinth
36
the bony labyrinth is filled with ___
perilymph
37
what is the perilymph?
fluid similar to CSF between the bony and membranous labyrinth
38
what are the 3 parts of the bony labyrinth?
1. semicircular canals 2. vestibule 3. cochlea
39
what is the membranous labyrinth?
collection of fluid-filled tubes / chambers
40
the membranous labyrinth houses ___ for hearing and equilibrium
receptors
41
the membranous labyrinth contains a fluid called ___
endolymph
42
semicircular ducts house receptors that are stimulated by __
rotation of the head
43
what two structures are found within the vestibule?
utricle and saccule
44
the utricle and the saccule provide sensations of ___ and ___
gravity and linear acceleration
45
the cochlear duct is sandwiched between
perilymph-filled chambers
46
cochlear receptors are stimulated by ___
sound
47
what are the 3 semicircular ducts?
1. anterior 2. posterior 3. lateral
48
the semicircular ducts are continuous with ___
utricle
49
the semicircular ducts are filled with
endolymph
50
what is the ampulla?
enlarged part of the semicircular duct that houses receptors
51
what is the ampullary cupula?
gelatinous structure that goes through the ampulla with kinocilia and sterocilia
52
movement in one direction causes ___; opposite direction causes ___
stimulation; inhibition
53
ampullary cupula rebounds to normal position when ___
endolymph stops moving
54
horizontal rotation stimulates ___ receptors
lateral duct
55
vertical movement stimulates ___ receptors
anterior duct
56
tilting head stimulates ___ receptors
posterior duct
57
the utricle and saccule provide ___ sensations, whether body is stationary or moving
equilibrium
58
utricle and saccule contain hair cells clustered in ___
maculae
59
the macula of the utricle senses __ movement
horizontal
60
the macula of the saccule senses __ movement
verticle
61
head in upright position, otholiths are __
on top of otolithic membrane of utricle
62
head in tilted position/linear movement, gravity pulls on otoliths and shifts them __
to the side
63
movement distorts hair cells and stimulates ___ receptors
macular
64
hair cells in the spiral organ lack ___
kinocilia
65
structure of hair cells in the spiral organ
stereocilia with overlying tectorial membrane
66
the bulk of hair cells in the spiral organ are embedded in __
basilar membran e
67
sound waves create ___ in the perilymph
pressure waves
68
pressure waves cause ___ to vibrate up and down
basilar membrane
69
vibrations of basilar membrane press sterocilia into ___, distorting them
tympanic membrane
70
distortion of stereocilia in the spiral organ triggers __
nerve impulse
71
sensory neurons relay signal through ___ to cochlear branch of vestibularcochlear nerve
spinal ganglion
72
sound
waves of pressure
73
wavelength of sound
distance between adjacent wave crests or troughs
74
if frequency increases, wavelengths ___
decreases
75
pitch
perception of frequency
76
high frequency = ___ pitch
high
77
intensity is ___
loudness; amount of energy in waves
78
amplitude of soundwave reflects amount of ___
energy (intensity)
79
intensity is measured in ___
decibels (dB)
80
___ of basilar membrane varies along its length
flexibility
81
location of vibration is interpreted as __
pitch
82
number of stimulated hair cells interpreted as __
volume

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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