Chapter 24: Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
the kidneys receive __% of cardiac output
A
25
2
Q
what are the major excretory organs of the urinary system
A
true
3
Q
what organ produces urine?
A
kidneys
4
Q
___ receive urine form the kidneys and move it to the bladder
A
ureters
5
Q
ureters move urine to the bladder using 2 methods
A
gravity and peristalsis
6
Q
___ receives and stores urine
A
bladder
7
Q
what drives urination?
A
contraction in walls of the bladder
8
Q
___ moves urine from the bladder to the outside
A
urethra
9
Q
colour of the kidneys
A
reddish brown
10
Q
what is the hilum?
A
medial indentation on the kidney, point of entry/exit for the renal artery, veins, nerves, and ureter
11
Q
the kidneys empty into what part of the bladder?
A
posterior inferior
12
Q
the kidneys are protected by __
A
visceral organs (anteriorly)
13
Q
which kidney is slightly higher than the other?
A
left
14
Q
what is the purpose of the fibrous capsule?
A
covers the outer surface of the kidney
15
Q
what is the structure of the fibrous capsule?
A
projects collagen fibers through the perinephric fat to the renal fascia (support kidneys)
16
Q
what is phrenic fat and its purpose?
A
thick layer of adipose tissue; support kidneys
17
Q
what is the renal fascia and its function?
A
dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidneys to surrounding structures
18
Q
the fibrous capsule lines the __
A
real sinus (internal cavity in the kidney)
19
Q
what is the renal cortex?
A
superficial region of the kidney
20
Q
what is the renal medulla?
A
inner region of the kidney
21
Q
the renal medulla is made of what two structures?
A
renal pyramid and renal column
22
Q
what is the renal papilla?
A
the tip of the renal pyramid
23
Q
what is the kidney lobe?
A
pyramid, the overlaying cortex and adjacent columns
24
Q
each kidney contains __ to __ lobes
A
6-18
25
what is a minor calyx of the kidney? Function
collects urine from a single lobe
26
what a major calyx of the kidney? function
fusion of 4-5 minor calyces
27
what is the renal pelvis and function?
funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from major calyces
28
the renal pelvis is continuous with the __
ureter
29
what are nephrons?
microscopic functional units of the kidneys
30
what are the 2 types of nephrons?
1. cortical nephrons
| 2. juxtamedullary nephrons
31
what type of nephrons represents 85% of all nephrons?
cortical
32
location of cortical nephrons
mainly in the cortex of the kidney
33
cortical nephrons are responsible for
most regulatory functions
34
structure of the juxtamedullary nephrons
long nephron loop that runs deep into the medulla
35
the juxtmedullary nephrons are essential to producing __
concentrated urine
36
what are the 2 components of a nephron?
1. renal corpuscle
| 2. renal tubule
37
what is the function of the renal corpuscle?
makes filtrate by blood pressure forcing water and solutes out of the glomerular capillaries
38
what is filtrate?
protein-free solution like blood and plasma
39
filtrate is collected in the ___
capsular space
40
what is the renal tubule? Function?
tubular passageway up to 50mm long; recibevs filtrate and modifies it to make urine
41
the renal corpuscle is also called the __ or __
glomerular or Bowmans capsule
42
structure of the renal corpuscle
cup-shaped chamber
43
the renal corpuscle has a network of ___ known as __
capillary; glomerulus
44
function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
reabsorbs nutrients from the filtrate
45
once the filtrate enters the PCT it is called
tubular fluid
46
function of the nephron loop
establishes osmotic gradient for water reabsorption
47
each limb of a nephron loop contains 2 segaments
thick and thin
48
function of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
adjusts tubular fluid composition by reabsorption and secretion
49
what is the collecting system
series of tubes carrying tubular fluid away from the nephron
50
function of the collecting duct
collects fluid from nephron and carriers it through the renal medulla
51
the collecting duct is lined with 2 types of cells
1. intercalated cells
| 2. principal cells
52
what is the role of intercalated cells in the collecting ducts?
secreting and reabsorbing hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
53
what is the function of principal cells in the collating ducts ?
reabsorb water and secret potassium
54
what is the function of the papillary duct?
collects fluid from multiple collecting ducts and delivers to minor calyx
55
function of the renal artery
delivers blood to the kidney
56
the renal artery branches into ___ in the renal sinus
segmental arteries
57
segmental arteries branch into __
interlope arteries
58
interlobal arteries branch into __
arcuate arteries
59
arcuate arteries branch into __
cortical radiate arteries
60
cortical radiate arteries branch into
afferent arterioles
61
afferent arterioles supply each nephron at a ___ known as a __
capillary knot; glomerulus
62
cortical radiate veins collect from ___ and drain into __
nephron capillary; arcuate veins
63
arcuate veins drain into
interlobar veins
64
interloper veins drain into the __
renal vein
65
the renal drains into the __
inferior vena cava
66
the afferent arteriole supplies blood to each individual __
nephron
67
the efferent arteriole carries blood from the __ to the __
glomerulus; pertibula capillaries
68
pertibulr capillaries surround the entire __ and are themselves surrounded by __
renal tube; peritubular fluid
69
functions of the peritubular capillaries
1. collect water and solutes absorbed by the nephron
| 2. deliver other solutes to the nephron for secretion
70
peritubular capillaries drain into
radiate veins
71
blood flow around a juxtamentary nephron is the same until after it reaches the ___
peritubular capillaries
72
structure of the vasa recta
long straight capillaries connected to the distal end of the peritubular capillaries that parallel the nephron loop
73
function of the vasa recta
transport water and solutes in the renal medulla
74
the vasa recta drains into the __
cortical radiate veins
75
each kidney has ~ __ nephrons
1.25 million
76
both cortical and juxtamentary nephrons are innervated by
renal nerves
77
renal nerves enter at the __ and follow the branches of __
hilum; renal artery
78
most of the nerves in a nephron are ___ fibres from the __ and __ nerves
sympathetic postganglionic; cleiac plexus and inferior splenic nerves
79
sympathetic stimuli adjust blood flow and blood pressure at the __
glomeruli
80
sympathetic stimuli stimulate the release of __
renin
81
the urinary system maintains homeostasis by regulating the volume and composition of __
blood
82
3 examples of metabolic wastes
1. urea
2. creatinine
3. uric acid
83
what is the most abundant organic waste?
urea
84
urea is a by-product of
amino acid break down
85
creatinine is a by product of
creatine phosphate breakdown in muscle
86
uric acid is formed during recycling of __
nitrogenous bases of RNA
87
what are the 3 processes in urine formation?
1. filtration
2. reabsorption
3. secretion
88
describe process of filtration in urine formation
blood pressure forces water and solutes across the membranes of glomeruli capillaries into the capsular space
89
describe process of reabsorption in urine formation
transport of water and solutes from the tubular fluid across tubular epithelium into the peritubular fluid
90
describe process of secretion in urine formation
transport of solutes from the peritubular fluid across tubular epithelium into the tubular fluid
91
filtration occurs in the
renal corpuscle
92
regulation of final volume and solute concentration is from interaction between the __ and __
collecting system and nephron loops
93
filtration occurs at what part of the renal corpuscle
glomerulus
94
which has a smaller diameter: efferent or afferent arteriole?
efferent
95
T/F the smaller diameter of the efferent arteriole increases blood pressure in the glomerulus and increases filtration
treu
96
capsular space is found between layers of the __
glomerular capsule
97
function of the juxtaglomerular complex
secretes renin when glomeruli blood pressure decreases
98
what are intraglomerular mesangial cells? Location? Function?
supporting cells ; between adjacent glomerular capillaries; control capillary diameter and rate of blood flow
99
___ forms the outer wall of the renal corpuscle and covers the glomerular capillaries
glomerular capsule
100
the __ layer forms the outer capsule
parietal
101
the visceral layer the glomerular capsule covers the
capillaries
102
the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is made of
podocytes
103
structure of podocytes
large cells with foot processes that wrap around glomerular capillaries
104
gaps between adjacent pedicels are called
filtration slits
105
what are the 3 layers of the filtration membrane?
1. fenestered glomerular capillaries
2. dense basement membrane
3. filtration slits from podocytes
106
fenestered glomerular capillaries contain large __
pores
107
the 3 filtration membranes keeps ___ from entering the capsular space
most plasma proteins
108
what 5 factors affect glomerular filtration?
1. glomerular hydrostatic pressure
2. capsular colloid osmotic pressure
3. blood colloid osmotic pressure
4. capsular hydrostatic pressure
5. net filtration power
109
what is glomerular hydrostatic pressure and where does it push water and solutes?
blood pressure in glomerular capillaries; from plasma to filtrate
110
what is blood colloid osmotic pressure and where does it move water?
pressure due to materials in solution; from filtrate to plasma s
111
capsular hydrostatic pressure tends to move water and solutes __
from filtrate to plasma (opposes filtration )
112
capsular hydrostatic pressure results from resistance of
filtrate already in the nephron
113
what is net filtration pressure?
pressure acting across the glomerular capillaries
114
net filtration pressure represents the same of __
hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures
115
what 2 interacting levels of control help stabilize glomerular filtration rate?
1. autoregulagtion at local level
| 2. central regulation (endocrine and sympathetic)
116
the juxtaglomerular complex plays a key role in responding to decreased GFR by initiating ___
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
117
__ predominates in the proximal convoluted tubule
reabsorption
118
t/f only about 15-20% of initial fluid reaches the DCT
true, because mostly absorbed by PCT
119
a combination of __ and ___ in the DCY alters solute composition in the tubular fluid
reabsorption; secretion
120
sodium ions are excreted in exchange for __
potassium
121
hydrogen ions are secreted in exchange for __
sodium
122
carrier proteins can secrete __ and __
toxins; drugs
