chapter 15 - trace minerals

Question 1

trace mineral definition

Answer 1

required in amounts under 100mg

Question 2

iron types

Answer 2

1. heme: a protein, found in meat
2. non-heme: found in both meat & plants

Question 3

heme iron absorption

Answer 3

easily absorbed
transferrin transports iron into bloodstream

Question 4

non-heme iron absorption

Answer 4

only absorbed when body LACKS iron
converted to heme iron before being picked up by transferrin

Question 5

ferritin

Answer 5

transport protein that helps the body absorb iron by transporting it to the bloodstream

it is made OUT OF iron only when the body has enough iron

when ferritin is being made, it blocks more iron from being absorbed

MOST iron in body = hemoglobin, NOT ferritin

Question 6

iron bioavailability

Answer 6

heme = readily absorbed

non-heme = limited absorption
- enhanced by MFP factor and Vit C
- inhibited by phytates and tannins

Question 7

things that enhance iron absorption

Answer 7

1. vitamin C
2. heme iron
3. leavening bread
4. fermentation
5. soaking beans or grains
6. cast-iron pans

Question 8

things that inhibit iron absorption

Answer 8

1. high calcium with iron-containing food
2. meds that reduce stomach acidity (antacids)
3. oxalic acid (from foods like spinach)
4. phytic acid (from foods like whole grains)
5. soy protein (from foods like tofu)
6. polyphenols (from tea)

Question 9

ferritin

Answer 9

major storage form of iron

we use ferritin serum concentrations to assess iron status

stored in the liver, spleen, & bone marrow

Question 10

transferrin

Answer 10

protein that transports iron to the bloodstream

Question 11

anemia definition

Answer 11

condition where number of red blood cells are reduced/altered so they can’t carry enough oxygen

most common health problem in US & the world

Question 12

anemia causes

Answer 12

blood loss

chronic low intake of iron OR low intake during critical periods (puberty, pregnancy)

populations at risk: females, vegans

Question 13

microcytic anemia

Answer 13

anemia that comes from iron deficiency: comes from lack of red blood cells OR red blood cells don’t have enough hemoglobin

Question 14

microcytic anemia consequences

Answer 14

alters:
1. normal growth
2. behavior
3. immune system function
4. energy metabolism

Question 15

microcytic anemia symptoms

Answer 15

1. fatigue/weakness
2. shortness of breath
3. dizziness/headache
4. coldness in hands & feet
5. pale skin

Question 16

hereditary hemochromatosis

Answer 16

genetic defect that makes people absorb too much iron

symptoms = fatigue, lack of energy, abdominal pain

Question 17

zinc sources

Answer 17

meat (pork, beef, lamb)
seafood
enriched/fortified cereal
dairy
legumes

Question 18

things that enhance zinc absorption

Answer 18

low zinc intake/zinc deficiency
certain amino acids

Question 19

things that inhibit zinc absorption

Answer 19

excessive intake
phytic acid/fiber (from whole grains)
high nonheme iron intake

Question 20

zinc deficiency consequences

Answer 20

delayed growth
delayed sex organ maturation
impaired vit A function
impaired immune function

Question 21

zinc toxicity

Answer 21

symptoms/consequences =
diarrhea/cramps
nausea/vomiting
depressed immune system
interference with copper absorption and metabolism

Question 22

iodine functions

Answer 22

component of thyroid hormones - maintains thyroid hormone metabolism (BMR)

Question 23

thyroid hormone functions

Answer 23

regulates basal energy expenditure & macronutrient metabolism

regulates brain & nervous system development

Question 24

iodine sources

Answer 24

iodized salt
animal products
seaweed

Question 25

endemic goiter

Answer 25

enlarged thyroid caused by iodine deficiency

Question 26

endemic cretinism

Answer 26

impaired development caused by iodine deficiency

Question 27

hypothyroidism

Answer 27

low basal metabolic rate caused by iodine deficiency

Question 28

fluoride unique function

Answer 28

development of teeth & bone

Question 29

fluoride sources

Answer 29

tea seafood fluoridated drinking water seaweed

Question 30

fluoride deficiency

Answer 30

susceptibility to dental caries (cavities) leads to nutritional problems due to issues with chewing

Question 31

fluorosis

Answer 31

fluoride toxicity - causes dark spots on teeth

Question 32

selenium unique function

Answer 32

converts thyroid hormone T4 to T3 these hormones help maintain BMR

Question 33

selenium sources

Answer 33

meat, eggs wheat germ Brazil nuts & sunflower seeds

Question 34

selenium deficiency

Answer 34

changes in thyroid hormone metabolism increased cancer risk Keshan disease

Question 35

selenosis

Answer 35

selenium toxicity - impairs sulfur & protein metabolism symptoms: nausea, diarrhea, hair loss, fatigue

Question 35

malignant cells

Answer 35

cancerous cells: divide repeatedly & frequently don't die don't perform their specialized function

Question 35

cancer

Answer 35

group of chronic diseases characterized by cells that have MUTATED

Question 35

cancer development & progression

Answer 35

1. repeated damage to an abnormal cell causes it to DIVIDE uncontrollably 2. abnormal (malignant) cells form a TUMOR 3. one malignant cell in the tumor becomes INVASIVE 4. malignant cells BREAK AWAY from tumor and enter circulatory or lymphatic systems (metastasize) 5. malignant cells form NEW tumors in other parts of the body 6. tumor stimulates development of its own blood supply, DEPRIVING the rest of the body of nourishment

Question 36

cancer risk factors

Answer 36

1. aging 2. genes/family history 3. tobacco use 4. radiation exposure 5. exposure to certain environmental substances 6. certain viral or bacterial infections 7. elevated levels of certain hormones 8. consuming alcohol or certain foods 9. physical inactivity and excess body fat

Question 37

role of diet in cancer development

Answer 37

substances in food/beverages that promote cancer: 1. alcohol 2. certain molds that grow on nuts/grains 3. processed/red meats 4. fried, grilled, broiled meats also: excessive energy intake

Question 38

cancer prevention guidelines

Answer 38

1. eat a variety of veg, fruit, & whole grains 2. don't rely on supplements 3. maintain a healthy weight & be active 4. don't drink much alcohol 5. eat low-salt foods 6. avoid sugary drinks/processed meat 7. limit red meat intake 8. only breastfeed for 6 months

Question 39

iron functions

Answer 39

1. oxygen transport: hemoglobin & myoglobin 2. energy metabolism 3. cell division (DNA production) 4. immune system (makes white blood cells) 5. nervous system (maintains myelin sheath covering certain nerve cells)

Question 40

zinc functions

Answer 40

1. cofactor for over 300 enzymes 2. heme synthesis 3. DNA & RNA synthesis 4. growth & development, reproduction 5. bone formation 6. immune function 7. antioxidant

Question 41

antioxidant trace minerals

Answer 41

zinc & selenium selenium SPARES Vit E

Question 42

anemia types

Answer 42

pernicious anemia = Vit B12 deficiency macrocytic anemia = Vit B12 & folate deficiency microcytic anemia = iron deficiency

Question 43

tumor types

Answer 43

invasive = spread to other parts of body malignant = cancerous