chapter 15.6

Question 1

are chordata deuterostomes or protostomes?

Answer 1

all chordata are deutorostomes

Question 2

do chordata have a notochord?

Answer 2

yes, all chordata have a notochord

Question 3

what is the closest relative of chordata?

Answer 3

echinodermata are chordata’s closest relative

Question 4

how are chordata and echinodermata alike?

Answer 4

they both have a unique embryo development

Question 5

when did the common ancestor of chordata and echinodermata live?

Answer 5

around 600-700 million years ago

Question 6

what do the embryos of chordata have?

Answer 6

nerve cords, notochords, gill structures, and post-anal tails

Question 7

what are nerve cords?

Answer 7

hollow cords found along the dorsal in the upper part of the body

Question 8

what are notochords?

Answer 8

flexible rods between digestive tract and nerve cords

Question 9

what is the purpose of notochords?

Answer 9

for support and muscle flexibility attachments

Question 10

what are gill structures?

Answer 10

gill splits in pharynx just behind mouth

Question 11

what is the purpose of gill structures?

Answer 11

for filter feeding, and gas exchange

Question 12

what is post-anus tail?

Answer 12

tail posterior to anus

Question 13

what is another name for gill structures?

Answer 13

pharynx splits

Question 14

what are the two main groups of chordata?

Answer 14

invertebrates and vertebrates

Question 15

what are the two main groups of invertebrate chordata?

Answer 15

tunicates (urochordata) and lancelets (cephalochordata)

Question 16

how many species of tunicates are there? are they marine or on land?

Answer 16

2,000, marine

Question 17

what are tunicates shaped like?

Answer 17

like bags

Question 18

what kind of feeders are tunicates?

Answer 18

they are filter feeders

Question 19

are the shared characteristics of chordata present in tunicates as embryos?

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

are the shared characteristics of chordata present in tunicates as adults?

Answer 20

no, they dissapear in adulthood

Question 21

how many species of lancelets are there? are they marine or on land?

Answer 21

25, they are marine bottom dwellers

Question 22

are lancelets segmented or non-segmented?

Answer 22

segmented

Question 23

what do lancelets use to swim?

Answer 23

their segmented muscles and notochords

Question 24

do lancelets have open or closed circulatory systems?

Answer 24

closed circulatory systems

Question 25

where are the lancelets eyespots located?

Answer 25

near the anterior end

Question 26

what kind of feeders are lancelets?

Answer 26

filter feeders

Question 27

where are the lancelets filter feeders located?

Answer 27

through the gills

Question 28

do adult lancelet embryos have the shared chordata characteristics?

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

tell us about the water passage through lancelets

Answer 29

water enters through the filter feeders in the gills, then collects in the atrium, then exits through atriospore

Question 30

did vertebrates evolve after invertebrates?

Answer 30

after!

Question 31

what is the most important thing in vertebrates?

Answer 31

vertebrates! er backbones

Question 32

what are the two classes of living jawless fish?

Answer 32

hagfishes and lampreys

Question 33

what is the hagfishes nickname?

Answer 33

slimeballs of the sea

Question 34

do hagfishes have notochords?

Answer 34

yes

Question 35

do hagfishes have any cartilage elements?

Answer 35

yes hagfishes have a few cartilage elements

Question 36

what kind of braincase to hagfishes have?

Answer 36

they have a rudimentary braincase

Question 37

is the nerve cord of hagfishes protected?

Answer 37

yes, by skeletal elements

Question 38

how many species of hagfishes are there?

Answer 38

20 species

Question 39

what do hagfishes eat?

Answer 39

they feed on worms and scavenge

Question 40

how many species of lampreys are there?

Answer 40

40

Question 41

tell us about the notochord of lampreys...

Answer 41

it has a cartilaginous structure

Question 42

what are the nerve chords of lampreys protected by?

Answer 42

by cartilage segments

Question 43

do lampreys live in fresh or sea water?

Answer 43

there are fresh and sea water species

Question 44

where do lampreys spawn?

Answer 44

in fresh water

Question 45

when was the origin of jaws?

Answer 45

425 million years ago

Question 46

where did jaws evolve from?

Answer 46

they evolved from gill-supporting structures

Question 47

what do jaws allow?

Answer 47

they allow a wider range of food sources

Question 48

jawed fish also have what?

Answer 48

pectoral and pelvic fins

Question 49

how many species of cartilaginous fish are there?

Answer 49

625 marine species

Question 50

what is the skeleton of cartilaginous fish made of?

Answer 50

it is made of cartilage

Question 51

what are some of the acute senses of cartilaginous fish?

Answer 51

smell and electro sensors

Question 52

what kind of feeders are cartilaginous fish?

Answer 52

mostly predators, and a few filter feeders

Question 53

how many chambers does the heart of cartilaginous fish have?

Answer 53

two chambers

Question 54

how do cartilaginous fish reproduce?

Answer 54

internal fertilization

Question 55

what does ovoviviparious mean?

Answer 55

eggs develop within the mother

Question 56

what is the most diverse vertebrate group?

Answer 56

bony fish

Question 57

how many species are there in bony fish?

Answer 57

30,000 species

Question 58

where are bony fish found?

Answer 58

in every watery habitat

Question 59

what are fins?

Answer 59

webs of skin supported by bony spines

Question 60

what is the skeleton of bony fish made of?

Answer 60

bones duh

Question 61

what are the classes of lobe-finned fish?

Answer 61

coelathans and lungfishes

Question 62

lobe-finned fish have skeletons made of?

Answer 62

bones

Question 63

the fleshy fins of lobe-finned fish have what?

Answer 63

rod-shaped bones, surrounded by muscles

Question 64

how many species of coelathans are there?

Answer 64

2

Question 65

how many species of lungfishes are there?

Answer 65

6

Question 66

the ancestors of lobe-finned fish led to what?

Answer 66

amphibians

Question 67

how many chambers are in the heart of amphibians?

Answer 67

three

Question 68

amphibians were abundant during what period?

Answer 68

carboniferous period

Question 69

how many species of amphibians are there?

Answer 69

6,770

Question 70

amphibians have deformities because of?

Answer 70

chemicals

Question 71

why is the population of amphibians declining?

Answer 71

habitat destruction, environmental degradation, pesticides, and parasitic diseases

Question 72

what came after amphibians?

Answer 72

amniotes

Question 73

what are amniotes?

Answer 73

animals that lay eggs on land

Question 74

why do amniotic eggs have shells?

Answer 74

to protect the embryo from drying out

Question 75

what is an amnion?

Answer 75

membrane with fluid for protection

Question 76

what is a yolk sac?

Answer 76

food for amniotic eggs

Question 77

what does the allantois do?

Answer 77

collects food

Question 78

what is the albuminum?

Answer 78

egg white

Question 79

what is the chorion?

Answer 79

membrane under the shell

Question 80

the following are amniotes:

Answer 80

reptiles, birds, and mammals

Question 81

amniotes led to two lines, what are they?

Answer 81

synapsids and reptiles

Question 82

synapsids led to what?

Answer 82

mammals

Question 83

what are some of the classes of reptiles?

Answer 83

anapsids, synapsids, and diapsids

Question 84

how many holes are there in the skull of anapsids?

Answer 84

none

Question 85

how many holes are there in the skull of synapsids?

Answer 85

one

Question 86

how many holes are there in the skull of diapsids?

Answer 86

two

Question 87

when did reptiles develop?

Answer 87

during the carboniferous period

Question 88

when were reptiles abundant?

Answer 88

during the mesozoic