Chapter 16 Flashcards
(69 cards)
1
Q
immunology
A
scientific study of the immune system and immune responses
2
Q
primary functions of immune system
A
- differentiate between self and nonself cells
- destroy nonself
- destroy unhealthy self cells
3
Q
cells involved in immune response
A
- originate in bone marrow
- 3 lines of lymphocytes
- B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells
4
Q
2 categories of t cells
A
helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
5
Q
2 major arms of immune system
A
- humoral immunity
- cell-mediated immunity
6
Q
humoral immunity
A
- where antibodies are produced by B cells to destroy specific microbes
7
Q
acquired immunity
A
- immunity that results from the active production of antibodies
8
Q
active acquired immunity
A
- antibodies are produced within the person
- provides lone lasting protection
9
Q
passive acquired immunity
A
- antibodies are received that were produced by another person/animal
- temporary protection
10
Q
2 types of active acquired immunity
A
- natural active acquired immunity - occurs naturally
- artificial active acquired immunity - artificially induced, a vaccine
11
Q
vaccine
A
- material that can artificially induce immunity to an infectious disease
- injection or ingestion
- most are made from living or dead pathogens or the toxins they produce
- stimulate immune system to produce protective antibodies
12
Q
types of vaccines (7)
A
- attenuated
- inactivated
- subunit
- conjugate
- toxoid
- DNA
- autogenous
13
Q
attenuated vaccines
A
- immune system responds to a weakened pathogen
- doesn’t get you sick
14
Q
inactivated vaccine
A
- dead pathogen
15
Q
subunit vaccine
A
- uses small antigenic piece of pathogen
16
Q
conjugate vaccine
A
uses part of bacteria combined with something else like a chemical
17
Q
toxoid vaccine
A
uses inactivated exotoxin of pathogen
18
Q
DNA vaccine
A
inject DNA and have cells produce new foreign protein
19
Q
autogenous vaccine
A
reinfect own tissue with neutralized pathogen like boils
20
Q
2 types of passive acquired immunity
A
- natural
- artificial
21
Q
natural passive acquired immunity
A
- small IgG antibodies passed from mothers blood to baby through placenta
- occurs with IgA antibodies in breastfeeding
22
Q
artificial passive acquired immunity
A
- antibodies from an immune person are transferred to a susceptible person
- instantaneous
23
Q
antigens
A
- foreign organic substances that stimulate production of antibodies
- a bacterial cell has many molecules on its surface capable of stimulating production fo antibodies
24
Q
antigenic/immunogenic
A
substances capable of stimulating antibodies
25
antibodies
- proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to an antigen
- antigen specific
- belongs to immunoglobulins
26
immunoglobulins
- globular glycoproteins in blood that participate in immune reactions
27
places in body that have antibodies
- tears
- saliva
- mucous membranes
- colostrum
- lymph
- blood plasma
28
factors determining the amount and type of antibodies produced by antigenic stimulation
- nature of the antigen
- site of antigenic stimulation
- amount of antigen
- number of times the person is exposed to the antigen
29
t-dependent antigens
T cells are required in their processing
30
t-independent antigens
require only B cells in their processing
31
processing of T-independent antigens
- B cell with specific antigen receptor
- B cell binds to antigen
- activated B cell multiplies into plasma cells and b memory cells
- plasma cells make antibodies
- b memory cells have same antigen receptor as original
32
primary response
- the initial immune response to an antigen
| - takes 10-14 days for antibodies to be produced
33
secondary response
- increased production of antibodies and memory cells following the second exposure to a particular antigen
34
where do immune responses occur
- immune responses in blood are initiated in spleen
| - responses to microbes and other antigens in tissues are generated in lymph nodes near infected area
35
5 types of immunoglobulins
- IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
| - all antibodies are immunoglobulins but not all immunoglobulins are antibodies
36
hybridomas
- long lived antibody producing cells
- produced by combining single plasma cell and rapidly diving tumor
- capable of producing large amount of specific antibodies called monoclonal antibodies
37
monoclonal antibodies
- used in immunodiagnostic procedures for imaging
| - being evaluated for use in fighting disease, killing tutors, boosting immune system, and preventing organ rejection
38
antigen-antibody complex
- when an antibody combines with an antigen
| - capable of activating complement cascade
39
complement cascade results
- activation of leukocytes
- lysis of bacterial cells
- increased phagocytosis as a result of opsonization
40
cell-mediated immunity
- interactions among many cells and cytokines
- capable of controlling chronic infections by intracellular pathogens like bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses
- macrophages, t helper, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, and granulocytes
41
natural killer cells
- large granular lymphocytes
- do not proliferate in response to antigen and not involved in antigen-specific recognition
- kill target cells including foreign, infected host cells, and tutor cells
42
hypersensitivity
- overly sensitive immune system
43
types of hypersensitivity reactions
- immediate
| - delayed
44
immediate type hypersensitivity reaction
- occurs within a few minutes to 24 hours after contact with antigen
- types I, II, and III
45
delayed type hypersensitivity reaction
- usually takes more than 24 hours to manifest
| - type IV
46
type I hypersensitivity reaction
- anaphylactic shock
- classic allergic responses like hay fever, asthma, hives, GI symptoms from food allergies
- allergic responses to insect stings and drugs
- most common
47
type I allergic response
- people prone to allergies produce IgE antibodies when exposed to allergens
- allergic reaction results from IgE antibodies bound to basophils in blood or mast cells in connective tissue
- histamine causes vasodilation
- heparin thins blood
48
hypersensitivity factors
- nature of antigen
- route of entry
- amount of antigen
- length of exposure time
- frequency of exposure
- ability to produce IgE antibodies
49
type I hypersensitivity events
- mast cell stabilization
- binding of allergen
- mast cell degranulation releasing histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins
- allergic response
50
localized type I hypersensitivity reactions
- involve mast cell degranulation
- result in allergic reactions like hay fever symptoms, asthma, food allergies
- specific tissue reactions
51
systemic type I hypersensitivity reactions
- involved basophil degranulation throughout the body
| - can lead to anaphylactic shock
52
systemic anaphylaxis
- results from release of chemical mediators from basophils in bloodstream
- occurs throughout body
- common allergens involved are insect venom and drugs
53
latex allergy
- can trigger 3 types of reactions
1) irritant contact dermatitis
2) allergic contact dermatitis
3) immediate type hypersensitivity
54
skin tests
- scratch test
- used to identify offending allergens in pts
- positive tests is indicated if cutaneous anaphylaxis occurs at site of scratch
55
immunotherapy
- IM doses of allergen
| - IgG blocking antibodies produced in response and they compete with IgE
56
type II hypersensitivity reactions
- cytotoxic
| - body cells are destroyed
57
type II hypersensitivity reaction sequence of events
- drug binds to surface of cell
- antidrug antibodies bind to drug
- complement activation on cell surface is initiated
- complement cascade leads to lysis of cell
58
type III hypersensitivity reaction
- immune complex such as those occurring in serum sickness and certain autoimmune disorders
- involved IgG or IgM antibodies, complement, and neutrophils
- some complications of untreated streptococcus infections are the result of type III
59
delayed type hypersensitivity reaction
- part of cell mediated immunity
- reactions are 24-48 hrs after exposure
- prime mode of defence against intracellular bacteria and fungi
- involved macrophages, cytotoxic T cell, and nk cells
- TB test
60
autoimmune disease
- when a persons immune system can no longer differentiate between self and nonself cells
- destroys self cells
- more than 80 disease
- can be organ specific or non organ specific
- Hashimoto thyroiditis, graves disease, MS
61
how autoimmune disease occur
- when certain tissues are not exposed to the immune system during fetal development
62
immunosuppression
- person whose immune system is not functioning properly
- acquired can be caused by drugs, irradiation, of infectious diseases (HIV)
- inherited can be result of deficiencies in antibody production, complement activity, phagocytic function, or NK cell function
63
agammaglobulinemia
people borne lacking ability to produce antibodies
64
hypogammaglobulinemia
people not producing a sufficient amount of antibodies
65
immunodiagnostic procedure
- help diagnose infectious disease by detecting antigens or antibodies in clinical specimens
- presence of antibodies can be from present or past infection or vaccination
- agglutination, precipitin tests, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assays
66
agglutination prcedure
clumping means +
| not clumping means -
67
blood types
- A has A antigen
- B has B antigen
- AB as A and B antigen
- O has neither
68
skin testing
- performed in vivo
- antigens injection within or beneath skin
- TB skin test
69
procedures for diagnosis of immunodeficiency disorders
- for assessment of pts immune status and elevation of immunodeficiency disorders
- include B cells deficiency states, cell mediated immunodeficiencies, complement deficiencies
