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Microbiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

two categories of living cells

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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2
Q

eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbes

A
  • eukaryotic are algae, protozoa, and fungi
  • prokaryotic are bacteria, archaea, and cyanobacteria
  • some are acellular like viruses, prions, and viroids
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3
Q

eukaryotic cells

A
  • contain a ture nucleus
  • have complex system of membranes and membrane-bound organelles
  • organization and complex functions
  • has cell membrane
  • plant and animal types
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4
Q

two types of eukaryotic cells

A
  • plant which has simple cell wall

- animal which don’t have a cell wall

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5
Q

prokaryotic cells

A
  • no nucleus
  • no organelles
  • no organization
  • has cell membrane
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6
Q

contents of a true nucleus

A
  • nucleoplasm
  • chromosomes
  • a nuclear membrane
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7
Q

nucleus (eukaryotic)

A
  • command center
  • chromosomes imbedded in nucleoplasm
  • chromosomes consist of linear DNA molecules/proteins
  • genes located along chromosomes
  • each gene contains info o produce more gene products (usually protein)
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8
Q

genotype (genome)

A

an organisms complete collection of genes

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9
Q

two types of RNA that genes can code for

A
  • ribosomal ribonucleic acid

- transfer ribonucleic acid

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10
Q

how many chromosomes does human diploid cell have

A

46 chromosomes

23 pairs

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11
Q

how many genes does the human genome contain

A

20,000-25,000 genes

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12
Q

cytoplasm (eukaryotic)

A
  • semifluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix
  • contains storage granules and organelles
  • each organelle has specific function
  • where most metabolic reactions occur
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13
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (eukaryotic)

A
  • convoluted system of membranes arranged to form transport network in cytoplasm
  • rough ER has ribosomes
  • smooth ER does not have ribosomes
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14
Q

ribosomes (eukaryotic)

A
  • consists of ribosomal RNA and protein

- sites of protein synthesis from DNA-RNA sequence

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15
Q

Golgi complex (eukaryotic) (Golgi apparatus/body)

A
  • communicates with ER
  • completes transformation of synthesized protein and packages them for storage/export
  • packaging plants
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16
Q

lysosomes (eukaryotic)

A
  • originate in Golgi comples

- contain lysozyme and other digestive enzymes to break things down

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17
Q

peroxisomes (eukaryotic)

A
  • originate in Golgi comples

- membrane-bound vesicles where hydrogen peroxide is generated and broken down

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18
Q

mitochondria (eukaryotic)

A
  • ATP molecules are produced by cellular respiration
  • number of mitochondria depends on activities of cell
  • sole way to make energy
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19
Q

plastids (eukaryotic)

A
  • membrane-bound structures containing photosynthetic pigments
  • site of photosynthesis
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20
Q

chloroplasts

A
  • types of plastid

- contain chlorophyll

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21
Q

cytoskeleton (eukaryotic)

A
  • system of fibres throughout cytoplasm

- microtubules and microfilaments essential for variety of activities

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22
Q

three types of cytoskeleton fibres

A
  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
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23
Q

cell wall (eukaryotic)

A
  • some contain cell wall
  • external structure for shape, protection, and rigidity
  • simpler in structure than prokaryotic cell walls
  • chitin in cells walls of fungi
  • cellulose in cell walls of algae and plants
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24
Q

cells with cell wall

A
  • plants
  • algae
  • fungi
  • most bacteria
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25
Q

cells without cell wall

A
  • animals
  • protozoa
  • mycoplasma species
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26
Q

flagella (eukaryotic)

A
  • long thin organelles used for movement

- may have one of more flagella

27
Q

cilia (eukaryotic)

A
  • short, thin, numerous hair-like structures
  • in some species of protozoa ad certain types of cells in our bodies
  • respiratory tract, epithelial cells
  • used to move things across cell, like mucous
  • 9 + 2
28
Q

prokaryotic cells

A
  • 10x smaller than eukaryotic
  • simple
  • no nucleus
  • bacteria and archaea
  • cytoplasm is not filled with internal membrane
  • cytoplasm is surrounded by cell membrane and a cell wall and sometimes a capsule or slime layer
29
Q

prokaryotic cell membrane layers (outside to inside)

A
  • capsule or slime layer
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
30
Q

binary fission

A
  • prokaryotic cell reproduction

- one cells grows, the chromosome is duplicated, and then it splits in half to form two daughter cells

31
Q

reproduction of eukaryotic cells

A

through mitosis

32
Q

generation time

A
  • the time it takes for binary fission to occur
  • varies for each species and depends on growth conditions
  • E. coli has 20 minute generation time
33
Q

cell membrane (prokaryotic)

A
  • similar in structure and function as eukaryotic
  • selectively permeable
  • many enzymes are attached to it which is where metabolic reactions take place
34
Q

chromosome (prokaryotic)

A
  • a single, long, supercoiled, circular DNA molecule and serves as control centre of cell
35
Q

plasmids (prokaryotic)

A
  • small, circular molecules of DNA that are not part of the chromosome
  • extra-chromosomal
36
Q

cytoplasm (prokaryotic)

A
  • semiliquid o water, enzymes, waste, nutrients, protein, carbs, and lipids
  • material for metabolic functions
37
Q

cytoplasmic particles (prokaryotic)

A
  • mostly ribosomes which can occur in clusters
38
Q

ribosomes (prokaryotic)

A
  • smaller than eukaryotic but same function

- sire of protein synthesis

39
Q

bacterial cell wall (prokaryotic)

A
  • rigid exterior that defines shape of cell (chemically complex)
  • main constituent is peptidoglycan (found only in bacteria)
40
Q

mycoplasma species

A
  • no cell wall

- they are pleomorphic

41
Q

peptidoglycan layer and gram +/-

A
  • gram positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layer
  • gram negative bacteria have thin peptidoglycan layer
  • dye reacts with thick layer and not with thin
42
Q

glycocalyx (prokaryotic)

A
  • slimy, gelatinous material produced by cell membrane and secreted outside cell wall
43
Q

two types of glycocalyx

A
  • slime layer: loosely connected to cell wall (pseudomonas)
  • capsule: highly organized and firmly connected (klebsiella pneumonia, neisseria meningitides, and streptococcus pneumonia)
  • capsule has antiphagocytic function so it prevents immune cells from breaking it down, a protective layer
44
Q

flagella (prokaryotic)

A
  • motile bacteria possess flagella

- whip-like appendages composed of threads of protein

45
Q

peritrichous bacteria

A

flagella over entire surface

46
Q

lophotrikhous bacteria

A

tuft of flagella at one end

47
Q

amphitrichous bacteria

A

one or more flagella at both ends

48
Q

monotrichous bacteria

A

single polar flagellum

49
Q

pili/fimbriae (prokaryotic)

A
  • hairlike structures
  • enable bacteria to anchor themselves to surfaces
  • thinner than flagella and have rigid structure
  • mostly on gram negative bacteria
  • composed of polymerized protein molecules called pilin
50
Q

sex pilus

A
  • some bacteria contain sex pili for conjugation

- to transfer genetic material from one bacterial cell to another

51
Q

spores/endospores (prokaryotic)

A
  • some genera can form thick-walled spores for survival
  • resistant to heat, cold, drying, and chemicals
  • usually one produced in bacterial cell which generates into one vegetative bacterium
  • endospores can be visualized use a spore stain
52
Q

sporulation

A

process fo spore formation

- not reproduction

53
Q

taxonomy

A
  • science of classification of living organisms

- consists of classification, nomenclature, and identification

54
Q

classification

A

the arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups called taxa

55
Q

nomenclature

A
  • in binomial system each organisms is given two names
  • genus and specific epithet
  • genus is frequently abbreviated to first letter
56
Q

five-kingdom system of classification

A

1) bacteria and archaea - kingdom prokaryotae
2) algae and protozoa - kingdom protista
3) fungi - kingdom fungi
4) plants - kingdom plantae
5) animal - kingdom Animalia

57
Q

tree domain system of classification

A
  • based on rRNA structure differences
    1) archaea (prokaryotic)
    2) bacteria (prokaryotic)
    3) eucarya (all eukaryotic organisms)
58
Q

determining relatedness among organisms

A
  • most widely used technique is called rRNA sequencing
  • ribosomes has small and large subunit
  • small subunit composed of 1 rRNA molecule coded for by 16S rRNA gene in prokaryotes and 18S rRNA in eukaryotes
  • compare sequence of nucleotide base pairs in two organisms with same rRNA gene (16S/18S)
  • more similar base pair = more closely related
59
Q

atomic force microscope

A
  • observe live microbes
  • in aqueous solution can see physiological processes
  • 3 dimensional surface view
  • uses sharp probe to scan surface
  • deflection is measured using a laser
60
Q

cell theory

A
  • all plant and animal tissues are composed of cells
61
Q

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

A
  • discovered cell theory

- 1838-1839

62
Q

Robert Hooke

A
  • 1665
  • English physicist
  • published Micrographia
  • observed mold, rust, fleas, lice, fossilized plants, and cork
  • was first person to use term cell
63
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A
  • proposed theory of biogenesis

- life can arise only from preexisting life thus cells can only arise from preexisting cells

Microbiology (18 decks)

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