Chapter 3 Flashcards
(63 cards)
1
Q
two categories of living cells
A
eukaryotic and prokaryotic
2
Q
eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbes
A
- eukaryotic are algae, protozoa, and fungi
- prokaryotic are bacteria, archaea, and cyanobacteria
- some are acellular like viruses, prions, and viroids
3
Q
eukaryotic cells
A
- contain a ture nucleus
- have complex system of membranes and membrane-bound organelles
- organization and complex functions
- has cell membrane
- plant and animal types
4
Q
two types of eukaryotic cells
A
- plant which has simple cell wall
- animal which don’t have a cell wall
5
Q
prokaryotic cells
A
- no nucleus
- no organelles
- no organization
- has cell membrane
6
Q
contents of a true nucleus
A
- nucleoplasm
- chromosomes
- a nuclear membrane
7
Q
nucleus (eukaryotic)
A
- command center
- chromosomes imbedded in nucleoplasm
- chromosomes consist of linear DNA molecules/proteins
- genes located along chromosomes
- each gene contains info o produce more gene products (usually protein)
8
Q
genotype (genome)
A
an organisms complete collection of genes
9
Q
two types of RNA that genes can code for
A
- ribosomal ribonucleic acid
- transfer ribonucleic acid
10
Q
how many chromosomes does human diploid cell have
A
46 chromosomes
23 pairs
11
Q
how many genes does the human genome contain
A
20,000-25,000 genes
12
Q
cytoplasm (eukaryotic)
A
- semifluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix
- contains storage granules and organelles
- each organelle has specific function
- where most metabolic reactions occur
13
Q
endoplasmic reticulum (eukaryotic)
A
- convoluted system of membranes arranged to form transport network in cytoplasm
- rough ER has ribosomes
- smooth ER does not have ribosomes
14
Q
ribosomes (eukaryotic)
A
- consists of ribosomal RNA and protein
- sites of protein synthesis from DNA-RNA sequence
15
Q
Golgi complex (eukaryotic) (Golgi apparatus/body)
A
- communicates with ER
- completes transformation of synthesized protein and packages them for storage/export
- packaging plants
16
Q
lysosomes (eukaryotic)
A
- originate in Golgi comples
- contain lysozyme and other digestive enzymes to break things down
17
Q
peroxisomes (eukaryotic)
A
- originate in Golgi comples
- membrane-bound vesicles where hydrogen peroxide is generated and broken down
18
Q
mitochondria (eukaryotic)
A
- ATP molecules are produced by cellular respiration
- number of mitochondria depends on activities of cell
- sole way to make energy
19
Q
plastids (eukaryotic)
A
- membrane-bound structures containing photosynthetic pigments
- site of photosynthesis
20
Q
chloroplasts
A
- types of plastid
- contain chlorophyll
21
Q
cytoskeleton (eukaryotic)
A
- system of fibres throughout cytoplasm
- microtubules and microfilaments essential for variety of activities
22
Q
three types of cytoskeleton fibres
A
- microtubules
- microfilaments
- intermediate filaments
23
Q
cell wall (eukaryotic)
A
- some contain cell wall
- external structure for shape, protection, and rigidity
- simpler in structure than prokaryotic cell walls
- chitin in cells walls of fungi
- cellulose in cell walls of algae and plants
24
Q
cells with cell wall
A
- plants
- algae
- fungi
- most bacteria
25
cells without cell wall
- animals
- protozoa
- mycoplasma species
26
flagella (eukaryotic)
- long thin organelles used for movement
| - may have one of more flagella
27
cilia (eukaryotic)
- short, thin, numerous hair-like structures
- in some species of protozoa ad certain types of cells in our bodies
- respiratory tract, epithelial cells
- used to move things across cell, like mucous
- 9 + 2
28
prokaryotic cells
- 10x smaller than eukaryotic
- simple
- no nucleus
- bacteria and archaea
- cytoplasm is not filled with internal membrane
- cytoplasm is surrounded by cell membrane and a cell wall and sometimes a capsule or slime layer
29
prokaryotic cell membrane layers (outside to inside)
- capsule or slime layer
- cell wall
- cell membrane
30
binary fission
- prokaryotic cell reproduction
| - one cells grows, the chromosome is duplicated, and then it splits in half to form two daughter cells
31
reproduction of eukaryotic cells
through mitosis
32
generation time
- the time it takes for binary fission to occur
- varies for each species and depends on growth conditions
- E. coli has 20 minute generation time
33
cell membrane (prokaryotic)
- similar in structure and function as eukaryotic
- selectively permeable
- many enzymes are attached to it which is where metabolic reactions take place
34
chromosome (prokaryotic)
- a single, long, supercoiled, circular DNA molecule and serves as control centre of cell
35
plasmids (prokaryotic)
- small, circular molecules of DNA that are not part of the chromosome
- extra-chromosomal
36
cytoplasm (prokaryotic)
- semiliquid o water, enzymes, waste, nutrients, protein, carbs, and lipids
- material for metabolic functions
37
cytoplasmic particles (prokaryotic)
- mostly ribosomes which can occur in clusters
38
ribosomes (prokaryotic)
- smaller than eukaryotic but same function
| - sire of protein synthesis
39
bacterial cell wall (prokaryotic)
- rigid exterior that defines shape of cell (chemically complex)
- main constituent is peptidoglycan (found only in bacteria)
40
mycoplasma species
- no cell wall
| - they are pleomorphic
41
peptidoglycan layer and gram +/-
- gram positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layer
- gram negative bacteria have thin peptidoglycan layer
- dye reacts with thick layer and not with thin
42
glycocalyx (prokaryotic)
- slimy, gelatinous material produced by cell membrane and secreted outside cell wall
43
two types of glycocalyx
- slime layer: loosely connected to cell wall (pseudomonas)
- capsule: highly organized and firmly connected (klebsiella pneumonia, neisseria meningitides, and streptococcus pneumonia)
- capsule has antiphagocytic function so it prevents immune cells from breaking it down, a protective layer
44
flagella (prokaryotic)
- motile bacteria possess flagella
| - whip-like appendages composed of threads of protein
45
peritrichous bacteria
flagella over entire surface
46
lophotrikhous bacteria
tuft of flagella at one end
47
amphitrichous bacteria
one or more flagella at both ends
48
monotrichous bacteria
single polar flagellum
49
pili/fimbriae (prokaryotic)
- hairlike structures
- enable bacteria to anchor themselves to surfaces
- thinner than flagella and have rigid structure
- mostly on gram negative bacteria
- composed of polymerized protein molecules called pilin
50
sex pilus
- some bacteria contain sex pili for conjugation
| - to transfer genetic material from one bacterial cell to another
51
spores/endospores (prokaryotic)
- some genera can form thick-walled spores for survival
- resistant to heat, cold, drying, and chemicals
- usually one produced in bacterial cell which generates into one vegetative bacterium
- endospores can be visualized use a spore stain
52
sporulation
process fo spore formation
| - not reproduction
53
taxonomy
- science of classification of living organisms
| - consists of classification, nomenclature, and identification
54
classification
the arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups called taxa
55
nomenclature
- in binomial system each organisms is given two names
- genus and specific epithet
- genus is frequently abbreviated to first letter
56
five-kingdom system of classification
1) bacteria and archaea - kingdom prokaryotae
2) algae and protozoa - kingdom protista
3) fungi - kingdom fungi
4) plants - kingdom plantae
5) animal - kingdom Animalia
57
tree domain system of classification
- based on rRNA structure differences
1) archaea (prokaryotic)
2) bacteria (prokaryotic)
3) eucarya (all eukaryotic organisms)
58
determining relatedness among organisms
- most widely used technique is called rRNA sequencing
- ribosomes has small and large subunit
- small subunit composed of 1 rRNA molecule coded for by 16S rRNA gene in prokaryotes and 18S rRNA in eukaryotes
- compare sequence of nucleotide base pairs in two organisms with same rRNA gene (16S/18S)
- more similar base pair = more closely related
59
atomic force microscope
- observe live microbes
- in aqueous solution can see physiological processes
- 3 dimensional surface view
- uses sharp probe to scan surface
- deflection is measured using a laser
60
cell theory
- all plant and animal tissues are composed of cells
61
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
- discovered cell theory
| - 1838-1839
62
Robert Hooke
- 1665
- English physicist
- published Micrographia
- observed mold, rust, fleas, lice, fossilized plants, and cork
- was first person to use term cell
63
Rudolf Virchow
- proposed theory of biogenesis
| - life can arise only from preexisting life thus cells can only arise from preexisting cells
