Chapter 16

Question 1

What are the four different types of populations that must be considered when preparing to collect data?

Answer 1

1) Target population: The broadest group to which the results of the study should be applicable
2) Source population (sampling frame): Well-defined subset of individuals from the target population
3) Sample population: Individuals from the source population who are invited to participate in the research project
4) Study population: The eligible members of the sample population who consent to participate in the study

Question 2

A well-defined study question identifies what?

Answer 2

A target population to which the results of the study should apply.

Question 3

Ideally, the source population consists of:

Answer 3

An enumerated list of population members. {Number of individuals in the source population can be counted}

Question 4

If the source population is small and every person listed can be asked to participate, then:

Answer 4

The source population is the same as the sample population

Question 5

What does a population-based study use?

Answer 5

A random sampling method to generate a sample population that is representative of some well-defined larger population

Question 6

What type of sampling is usually the preferred option for producing a sample population similar to the source population?

Answer 6

Probability-based sampling

Question 7

What is a convenience population?

Answer 7

A non-probability-based selection based on the ease of access to these populations.

Question 8

What is the issue with convenient sample population?

Answer 8

They are usually different from the target and source populations they are intended to represent.

Question 9

No matter which sampling method is used, the goal is:

Answer 9

To end up with a sample population that is representative of the source population and target population

Question 10

What is the non-random sampling bias?

Answer 10

{For random sampling} Occurs if each individual in the source population does not have an equal chance of being selected for the sample population.

Question 11

What is the ascertainment bias?

Answer 11

{For convenience sampling} occurs if the convenience sample is not representative of the source population.

Question 12

These two sampling biases (and others) can be eliminated or minimized by:

Answer 12

Careful planning

Question 13

The study population will consist of the members of the sample population who:

Answer 13

1) Can be located
2) Consent to participation
3) Meet all eligibility criteria

Question 14

A low response rate may result in which kind of bias?

Answer 14

Nonresponse bias: The members of the sample population who agree to be in the study are systematically different from non-participants

Question 15

A less than 100% participation rate is usually not a problem as long as the researcher:

Answer 15

1) Uses acceptable and carefully explained sampling methods
2) Takes appropriate steps to maximize the participation rate
3) Recruits an adequately large sample size
4) Reports the number of potential participants at each stage

Question 16

A nested case-control study design minimizes what kind of bias and why?

Answer 16

Recall bias, because information about past exposures was collected at the time of the exposure and is not based on participants’ memories.

Question 17

In a case control study all cases and all controls must meet the same ____ except for the ones relating to ____

Answer 17

Eligibility criteria; disease status

Question 18

Who are the vulnerable populations?

Answer 18

1) Young children
2) Individuals with serious health issues
3) People in prison and others socially marginalized populations
4) Those who have limited ability to make an informed autonomous decision about volunteering to participate

Question 19

Vulnerable populations should only be selected as the source population for studies that:

Answer 19

Require their participation, such as pregnant women and children testing drugs.

Question 20

True or false:

The approval of community leaders negates the requirement to obtain individual informed consent.

Answer 20

False; it does not negate it.

Question 21

Community-based studies often work best when they use research methods such as:

Answer 21

Community-based participatory research (CBPR)

Question 22

What does community-based participatory research do?

Answer 22

Link researchers with community representatives who, together, identify research priorities for the community, etc. and apply the findings to the development of new programs in the community.

Question 23

Under a CBPR model, community participants are _____ rather than ____.

Answer 23

Partners; study subjects. {All partners are involved in decision-making throughout the entire research process}