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OU Bio 1200- Biology1 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell division

A

Reproduction of cells

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2
Q

2 types of cell division

A

Mitosis
Meiosis

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3
Q

Cytogenetic

A

Find of genetics involving microscopic examination of chromosomes & cell division

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4
Q

Karyotype

A

Reveals number, size, & form of chromosomes in an actively dividing cell

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5
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes in human

A

23

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6
Q

Total howmany chromosomes in human

A

46

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7
Q

How many sex chromosomes in human

A

1 pair

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8
Q

How many autonomies in human

A

22 pair

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9
Q

Diploid or 2n

A

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

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10
Q

Haploid or N

A

Gametes have 1 member of each pair of chromosomes or 23 total chromosomes

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11
Q

Cell cycle

A

Sequence of event/phases resulting in 2 daughter cells

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12
Q

G1

A

First gap

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13
Q

S

A

Synthesis/copy of DNA

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14
Q

G2

A

Second gap

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15
Q

M

A

Mitosis & cytokinesis

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16
Q

G0

A

Substitute for g1 for cells postponing division of never dividing again

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17
Q

G1 Interphase

A

Cell accumulates molecular changes that cause progression through the cell cycle

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18
Q

Phase restriction point for g1 interphase

A

Where cell committed to enter phase

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19
Q

S interphase

A

Chromosomes replicate, & after replication 2 copies stay joined to each other & ape called sister chromatids

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20
Q

What comes after S

A

G2

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21
Q

How many chromatids in g2

A

92 total/46 pairs

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22
Q

G2 interpahse

A

Cell synthesizes proteins needed during mitosis & cytokinesis

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23
Q

M phase - mitosis

A

Divide 1 cell nucleus into 2

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24
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm,

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25
Decision to divide relies
External factors Internal factors
26
External factors
Environmental condition
27
Internal factors
Cell cycle control molecules
28
Cell cycle Control
Cyclins or cyclin- dependent kinases
29
3 critical regulatory checkpoints
G1 checkpoint G2 check point Metaphase checkpoint
30
G1 checkpoint
Senses DNA damage, conditions favorable for division
31
G2 checkpoint
Senses DNA damage, proper replication, proteins for transition to M are present
32
Metaphase checkpoint
Integrity of spindle apparats (chromosome sorting)
33
Mitotic cell division
A cell divides to produce 2 new cell genetically identical to the original
34
What is original cell called
Mother cells.
35
What is new cells are called?,
Daughter cells.
36
Mitotic cell division involves
Mitosis & cytokinesis
37
Preparation for cell division
DNA replicated Sister chromatids Tightly associates at centromere Serves as attachment site for kinetochore used in sorting chromosome
38
Mitotic
Sorting process ensures that eac daughter cen will obtain the correct number & types of chromosomes
39
Mitotic spindle apparatus (mitotic spindle)
Responsible for organizing& sorting the chromosomes during mitosis
40
Centrosames
Microtubule organizing center (mtocs)
41
Centrioles
Found in centrosomes of animal cell.
42
Spindle microtubules.
Spindle ironed from microtubules
43
3 types of microtubules
Astral Polar Kinetochore
44
Astral
Position spindle apparatus in cell
45
Polar
Separate 2 poles
46
Kinetochore tubules
Attached to kinetochore bound to centromeres of each chromosome
47
Interphase
Phase of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are decondensed & found in the nucleus (g1,s,g2)
48
Mitosis phases
Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
49
Prophase
Chromosomes have already replicated to produce 12 chromatids, joined as six pairs of sister chromatids
50
Prometaphase
Nuclear envelope completely fragments Mitatic spindle is fully formed in this phase
51
Metaphase
Pair of sister chromatids are aligned along a plane halfway between the poles called the metaphase plate Organized in a single row
52
Anaphase
Connections between the pairs of sister chromatids are broken
53
Telophase
Chromosomes have reached their respects poles & decondense Nuclear membranes re-form to produce 2 separate nuclei
54
Cytokinesis
2 nuclei are segregated into separate daughter cell Different in animal & plant
55
Cytokinesis in animals
Cleavage furrow constricts like a drawstring to separate the cells.
56
Cytokinesis in plant.
Cell plate forms A cell wall between the 2 daughter cell.
57
Sexual reproduction requires what
A fertilization event where haploid gametes unite & creat a diploid cell called a zygote
58
Meiosis
The process by which haploid cells (gametes) are produced from a cell that wasoriginally diploid.
59
2 differences at beginning of meiosis
Homologous pairs form a bivalent or tetrad Crossing over.
60
Bivalent or tetrad
Homologous pairs of sister chromatids associate with each other, lying side by side to form a bivalent of tetrad.
61
Synaptonemal complex
Proteins join homologous chromosomes
62
Crossing over
Physical exchange between chromosome pieces ot the bivalent
63
Chiasma
Arm of the chromosome tend to separate but remain adhered at this crossover site
64
Prophase I
Replicated chromosomes condense & bivalents form as the nuclear membrane breaks down
65
Prometaphase I
Spindle apparatus complete, & the chromatids are attacked to kinetochore microtubules
66
Metaphase I
Bivalent organized along metaphase plate as double row
67
Anaphase I
Segregation of homologues occurs
68
Telophase I
Sister chromatids have reached their respective poles & decondense & nuclear membranes reform
69
Meiosis ii
Same sorting steps as in mitosis, no S phase between meiosis I & meiosis ii
70
When does sister chromatids separates in meiosis ii
During anaphase ii unlike a anaphase I
71
Chromosomal mutations
Deletions Duplications Inversions Translocations
72
Deletions
Segment missing
73
Duplications
Section occurs 2/ more times in a row
74
Inversion
Change in direction along a single chromosome
75
Translocations
One segment becomes attached to another chromosome
76
Changes in chromosome number
Euploid Polyploid
77
Euploid
Chromosome # that is viewed as the normal #
78
Polyploid
3/ more sets of chromosomes
79
N refers to what?
A set of chromosomes
80
Diploid
2n
81
Tripled
3n
82
Tetraploid
4n
83
Aneuploidy
Alteration # of particular chromosomes Total # not an exact multiple of a set
84
Trisomic
Normal 2 copies of a chromosome plus a 3rd, 2n+1
85
Monatomic
Missing 1 of normal copies of a chromosome,2n-1
86
Nondisjunction
Chromosomes do not sort properly during cell division

OU Bio 1200- Biology1 (7 decks)

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