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Bio 100 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Estimated age of planet

A

4.5 Billon years

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2
Q

Estimated life began

A

3.5-3.8 billon years

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3
Q

Which macro molecules came first

A

RNA then DNA and enzymes

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4
Q

Conditions/environments for first cell

A

Bubbles/water U/V protection
Thermal vents
Ice caps

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5
Q

Estimated arrival of prokaryotes

A

3.5 billion years

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6
Q

What allows bacteria to share traits transfer DNA

A

Conjugation

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7
Q

Basic structure of prokaryotes

A

Single cells
Single circle of DNS (no nucleus)
Simple shapes (rod, sphere coiled)

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8
Q

What form does DNA transfer during conjugation

A

Plasmid

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9
Q

Two domains of Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria
Archea

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10
Q

Two examples of metabolic abilities only prokaryotes possess

A

anaerobic photosynthesis
nitrogen fixation

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11
Q

How to tell bacteria from archea

A

Ribosomes are different (RNA sequences)
Cell wall is peptidoglycan
flagella are different
Create Biofilms for protection

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12
Q

Three examples of types of Bacteria

A

Purple bacteria
cyanobacteria
disease-causing bacteria

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13
Q

Three characteristics of Purple bacteria

A

Can be purple, red, brown, orange
Live where no oxygen (sulfur hot springs, anoxic -lake zones)
Use hydrogen and sulfur during photosynthesis not water to make oxygen

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14
Q

characteristics of Cyanobacteria

A

Do normal photosynthesis
go back 3 billion years
responsible for the majority of oxygen in the atmosphere
do Nitrogen fixation
found in soil water snow.

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15
Q

Diseases caused by Disease Causing bacteria

A

Syphilis
Listeria
Tetanus
Staphylococcus
Anthrax
Cholera
Gonorrhea
If it’s a prokaryote that causes disease it is a bacteria

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16
Q

How does antibiotic resistance occur

A

Mutation
Natural Selection
Conjugation

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17
Q

People friendly importance of bacteria

A

Digestion
Bioremediation
Biological pest control
Food fermentation
Make organic chemicals

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18
Q

How to tell archea from bacteria

A

Cell walls are protein or polysaccharides
Ribosomal RNA sequences are different
Flagella are different
Use a variety of energy sources (sugars, ——ammonia, hydrogen and metal ions)
Found in extreme habitats

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19
Q

Types of Archea

A

Methanogens (make methane)
Extremophiles
-Thermophiles
-Halophile (salt)
-pH-tolerant (Acidophiles, Alkalinophiles)
Pressure-tolerant 300-800 atmospheres

20
Q

Snotties

A

Volcanic-cave dwellers
Sulfur-based metabolism
Acidophiles

21
Q

Halophiles

A

Require 15-20% salinity
e.g. Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea

22
Q

Thermophiles

A

Hotsprings 60-100 C

23
Q

Methanogens

A

Symbiosis (animal guts)
Wetlands
Ocean sediments

24
Q

Acidophiles

A

pH near 0 (stronger than battery acid

25
Q

Viruses

A

Not alive
Parasitic chemicals
(RNA in a Protein coat)
some have bilipid envelope

26
Q

How do viruses spread

A

insert genetic material into a living cell
the cell stops reproducing cell parts and makes more viruses.

27
Q

Bacteria viruses

A

Bacteriphages

28
Q

Two ways animal viruses enter cells

A

Cell marker recognition
merging membranes endosymbiosis

29
Q

When did eukaryotes arrive

A

1.8-2.1 billion years ago

30
Q

What three things happened to allow eukaryotes to form

A

Endosymbiosis
Increased size
folding of membranes

31
Q

Four kingdoms of Eukarya

A

Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Anamalia

32
Q

Ecological, Economical and Evolutional importance of Protists

A

Ecologically decomposers and food source in the food chain
Economically pests, diseases, food, and industrial uses
Evolutionarily tracing ancestry of other kingdoms

33
Q

3 major clusters of protista for bio 100

A

Photosynthetic
sessile and non-photosynthetic
motile and non-photosynthetic

34
Q

Diatoms

A

silica based shells
sexual and asexual reproduction
store energy in chrysolaminarin
photosynthesis

Ocean food chain, pH indicators, Diatomaceous earth

35
Q

Red Algae

A

Multicellular
Photosynthetic
Store energy as Floridean starch
tropical (warm saltwater)

Food, industrial gels, oldest P/s, help build coral

36
Q

Green algae

A

Cellulose walls
store energy as starch
photosynthetic
freshwater, oceans, soil, rocks
single and multicellular

Ancestor of modern plants
role in fresh water ecosystem

37
Q

Ciliates

A

Single-cell
Cillia “hairs”
Filter feeders
water and soil

sewage treatment

38
Q

Amoebozoa

A

Amoeboid movement (pseudopods
most lack flagella
granular endoplasm clear ectoplasm
feed by endocytosis

Parasits of humans
aqutic systems
sewage treatment

39
Q

Apicomplexa

A

entirely parasitic
non motile
spore forming
disease causing
animal parasites

40
Q

water molds

A

Related to algae
filaments like fungi
cellulose walls
spores with 2 dissimilar flagella

decomposers
fish parasites
plant diseases

41
Q

Fungi

A

Multi cellular
sessile
chitin wall
non motile sperm
Heterotrophs
external digestion
Clusters of filament->Hyphae->Mycelium

42
Q

Chytridiomycota

A

flagellated gametes
predominately aquatic (fresh and salt)
550-650 million years ago
aquatic decomposers
frog disease

43
Q

Zygomycota

A

Zygosporangium reproduction (resistant sphere)
sexual and asexual reproduction
no septa (walls) within hyphae
Decomposers
many kinds of molds
insect diseases

44
Q

Ascomycota

A

Reproduce with Ascocarp
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Dikaryon -2 nuclei
DNA sequencing for asexual
Largest group of fungi
medicines
Human and plant diseases.

45
Q

examples of ascomycota

A

penicillium
-antibiotic
-Beer
morels
truffles
dutch elm disease
athletes foot
lichens
yeast

46
Q

Basidiomycota

A

reproduce with basidiocarp
complicated life cycle with multiple spore stages
Asexual reproduction is uncommon
Dikaryon 2 nuclei
edible mushrooms
plant diseases

47
Q

examples of basidiomycota

A

edible mushrooms
wheat rust
corn smut
birds nest fungi
puffballs
bracket fungi

Bio 100 (15 decks)

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