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Biol235 Quiz 4 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the indirect pathways

A

Rubrospinal
Tectospinal
Vestibulospinal
Lat/med reticulospinal

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2
Q

Rubrospinal pathway

A

Indirect
Convey NI from red nucleus to contralateral SM for precise voluntary movement of distal upper limbs

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3
Q

Tectospinal pathway

A

Indirect
Convey NI from superior colliculus to contralateral SM for reflexive movement of head/eyes

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4
Q

Vestibulospinal pathway

A

Indirect
Convey NI from vestibular nucleus to ipsilateral SM of trunk/proximal limbs for posture/balance during head movements

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5
Q

Lateral/medial reticulospinal

A

Indirect
Convey NI from reticular formation to ipsilateral SM of trunk/proximal limbs for posture/tone during body movements

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6
Q

Direct pathways

A

Lateral corticospinal pathway
Anterior corticospinal pathway
Corticobulbar pathway

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7
Q

Lateral corticospinal pathway

A

Direct
Convert NI from motor cortex to SM on opp side for precise movement of distal limbs
Provide input to LMNs of SM

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8
Q

Anterior Corticospinal Pathway

A

Direct
Convert NI from motor cortex to SM on opposite side for movements of trunk/proximal limbs
Provide input to LMNs of SM

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9
Q

Corticobulbar Pathway

A

Direct
Convey NI from motor cortex to SM of head/neck
Input to LMN in nuclei of III,IV,V,VI,VII,VIII,IX,X,XI,XII

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10
Q

Sensation definition

A

Conscious/subconscious awareness of changes in internal/external enviro

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11
Q

Perception def/when

A

Sensory info reaches cerebral cortex = consciously aware = perception

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12
Q

Sensory modality

A

Each unique type of sensation

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13
Q

What are the general senses

A

Somatic (tactile thermal pain proprioceptive)
Visceral (pressure, nausea, hunger)

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14
Q

Process of sensation

A

Stimulation of sensory receptor
Transduction of stimulus
Generation of NI
Integration of SI

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15
Q

Separate cells that synapse with 1st order SN

A

Hair cells
Gustatory cells
Photoreceptors

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16
Q

Free nerve endings of 1st order SN

A

Bare dendrites
Pain temp tickle itch some touch

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17
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings of 1st order SN

A

CT capsule
Pressure vibration some touch

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18
Q

Corpuscles of touch (Meissner corpuscles)

A

Rapid
Onset of touch/low F vibrations
Capsule surrounds dendrites in dermal papillae in hairless skin

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19
Q

Hair root plexuses

A

Rapid
Movement disturbing hairs
Free nerve endings around hair follicles

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20
Q

Type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptors (tactile discs)

A

Slow
Continuous touch/pressure
Saucer shaped free nerve endings make contact with tactile epithelial cells in epidermis

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21
Q

Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Ruffini corpuscles)

A

Slow
Skin stretching/pressure
Elongated capsule surrounds dendrites deep in dermis and in ligaments/tendons

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22
Q

Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles

A

Rapid
Oval layers capsule surround dendrites in dermis/subcutaneous, submucosal, joint, periosteum, viscera
High F vibrations

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23
Q

Itch/tickle receptor

A

Slow and rapid
Free nerve ending in skin/MM

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24
Q

Warm cold receptors

A

Rapid then slow
Free nerve endings in skin/MM of mouth, vagina, anus

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25
Nociceptors
Slow Pain Free nerve endings everywhere but brain
26
Muscle spindles
Slow Muscle length Sensory nerves endings wrap around central area of encapsulated intrafusal muscle fibers in most SM
27
Tendon organs
Slow Muscle tension Capsule enclosed collagen fibers and sensory nerve endings at junction of tendon/muscle
28
Joint kinaesthetic receptors
Rapid Joint position/ movement Lamellated corpuscles, type II CM, tendon organs, free never endings
29
Posterior column medial lemniscus pathway to CC
Touch pressure vibration proprioception Upper limbs/trunk neck posterior head: ended cervical SC Lower limbs/trunk: enter lumbar SC
30
Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway to CC
Pain temp itch tickle from limbs trunk neck posterior head
31
Trigeminothalamic pathway to CC
Touch presssure vibration itch tickle thermal pain from face nasal/oral cavity teeth
32
Anterior and posterior spinocerebellar pathways to CC
NI from proprioceptors in trunk/lower limb to ipsilateral cerebellum to inform of actual movement to coordinate smooth and refine skilled movement and matins posture/balance
33
Sensory homunculus
High number sensory receptors= larger area of somatosensory area
34
What is a LMN
Motor neurons that extend outside the CNS to inervate SM, extend through cranial(face/head)/spinal(limbs/trunk) nerves Cell bodies in lower CNS (SC/brainstem
35
Interactive neural circuits that provide input to LMNs
Local circuit neurons UMNs Basal nuclei neurons Cerebellar neurons
36
Local circuit neurons
Located near LMN cell bodies Receive I from somatic sensory receptors/higher centers in brain Coordinate rhythmic activity in muscle groups (walking)
37
UMNs
Most synapse with local circuit neurons->LMNs, others directly Originate in motor centers of brainstem Regulate posture, balance, muscle tone, reflexes movements of head/trunk
38
Basal nuclei neurons
Provide I to UMNs Connect with motor areas of CC/brainstem Initiate/terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements, establish normal muscle tone
39
Cerebellar neurons
Control activity of UMNs Connect with motor areas of CC/brainstem Monitor intended vs performed movement then commands UMNs to reduce errors (coordinate movement maintain posture/balance)
40
Cerebral cortex 2 areas
Premotor area Primary motor area
41
Premotor area
CC Where motor plan developed Stores info about learned motor activities
42
Primary motor area
CC Execution of voluntary movements Controls muscles by forming descending pathways that extend to SC/brainstem Has motor homunculus
43
Motor homunculus
Thumb fingers lips tongue and vocal cords (large representation) trunk (smaller)
44
Brainstem parts
Vestibular nuclei Reticular formation Superior colliculus Red nucleus
45
Vestibular nuclei
Brainstem Receive neural I from vestibular (VIII) nerve regarding state of equilibrium and neural I from cerebellum VN generate AP along axons of Vestibulospinal tract->conveys signals to SM of trunk/proximal parts of limbs to contract and maintain posture
46
Reticular formation
Brainstem Receive I from ears eyes cerebellum basal nuclei… Generate AP along Medial reticulospinal tract (excited SM) and lateral reticulospinal tract (inhibits SM) Regulate muscle tone during ongoing movements
47
Superior colliculus
Brainstem Receive I from eyes/ears when sudden I, superior Colliculus produces AP along Tectospinal tract to activate SM in head/trunk to turn toward stimulus Integrating center for saccades (jerking eye movements when looking at different points in visual field)
48
Red nucleus
Brainstem Recieve I from Cc/cerebellum generate AP along Rubrospinal tract->activate SM of distal upper limbs Recall: lat corticospinal activates SM of distal upper and lower limbs
49
Basal nuclei
Initiation of movements Suppression of unwanted movement Regulation of muscle tone Regulation of non motor processes (sensory limbic cognitive linguistic)
50
Cerebellum
Monitor initiations for movement Monitoring actual movement Comparing command signals with sensory info Sending out corrective feedback
51
Integration
Processing of sensory information by analyzing and storing it and making decisions for various activities
52
Integrative functions
Cerebral activities such as sleep/wakefulness, learning and memory, and language
53
Circadian rythym (what/established by)
24 hour sleep wake cycle Established but the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
54
Reticular activating system
Portion of reticular formation When stimulated->arousal, smell can’t stimulate it
55
Arousal
Awakening from sleep, involves increased activity in RAS=activated=activated CC
56
Consciousness
State of wakefullness
57
Sleep
Altered consciousness or partial unconsciousness NREM and REM Can be aroused
58
NREM induced by
Sleep centers in the hypothalamus and basal forebrain
59
REM induced by
Sleep centers in the pond and midbrain
60
Coma
Unconsciousness with little to no response to stimuli
61
Persistent vegetative state
Few weeks in coma, normal sleep cycles but no awareness may smile laugh cry
62
Learning (def plus types)
Ability to acquire new information or skills through instruction or experience Associative Nonassociative
63
Associative learning
Occurs when connection made between two stimuli (Pavlov’s law)
64
Nonassociative learning (two types)
Occurs when repeated exposure to stimulus changes in behaviour Habituation: irrelevant stimulus’s causes decreased response (jumping at loud noise but after couple time no reaction) Sensitization: noxious stimulus increases behavioural response (painful stimuli of limb causes more vigorous flexor reflex)
65
Memory
Process by which info acquired by learning is stored/retrieved
66
Declarative (explicit) memory (what, consciousness recall?, stored)
Memory of experiences that can be verbalized Requires conscious recall and stored in association areas of Cc
67
Procedural (implicit) memory (what, conscious recall?, stored)
Memory of motor skills procedures rules (bike riding dance step) Conscious recall not required and store in basal nuclei cerebellum and Premotor area
68
Short term memory
Seconds to minutes Electrical and chemical events
69
Long term memory
Days to years Structural changes at synapses
70
Memory consolidation
Process by which short term is transferred into long term Hippocampus stores new long term declarative memory before transferring to appropriate CC area
71
Long term potentiation (LTP)
Persistent increase in synaptic strength following high frequency stimulation of a chemical synapse
72
Language areas
Usually present in Left cerebral hemisphere Wernickes Brocas
73
Wernickes areas
Temporal lobe Interprets meanings of written/spoken words (words to thoughts) Received I from primary visual/auditory areas
74
Broca’s area
Motor area in frontal lobe Translate thoughts to speech Receive I from Wernickes area ->brocas->primary motor area
75
NREM stage 1
between wakefulness and sleep 1-7 min Relaxed eyes closed fleeting thoughts
76
NREM stage 2
Light sleep (first true sleep) Easily awaken Fragment dreams Eyes may roll
77
NREM Stage 3
Moderately deep sleep Body temp/BP drops 20min after falling asleep
78
NREM sleep 4
Deepest sleep Brain metabolism/body temperature/muscle tone slightly drops Reflexes intact Difficult to awaken
79
REM Sleep also known as
Paradoxical sleep
80
REM
High neuronal activity Brain blood flow/oxygen use higher than when awake Most difficult to awaken HR/RR/BP increase Somatic MN decreases = less muscle tone
81
NREM vs REM dreams
Most dreams during REM NREM: less emotional/vivid more logical REM: increase visual association area/limbic system decreases prefrontal cortex (reasoning)
82
Sleep cycle
NREM 1-4 in 45 mins -> NREM 4-1 in 45 mins -> REM 4-5 cycles a night
83
How long does REM sleep last
Starts as 10-20 minutes ends as 50 minutes
84
Percentage of REM sleep in total sleep
Babies 50 2 year old 35 Adults 25
85
Plasticity with learning.
Changes in individual neurons and in strength of synaptic connections among neurons
86
Fast pain NI travel along
Medium diameter myelinated a fibers
87
Slow pain NI travels along
Small diameter unmyelinated c fibers

Biol235 Quiz 4 (5 decks)

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