chapter `16

Question 1

biometrics defintion

Answer 1

advanced form of human identification

Question 2

physiological biometrics

Answer 2

uses physical traits to identify (fingerprints, retina/iris scans, facial scans)

Question 3

behavioral biometrics

Answer 3

identification through handwriting, voice, keystrokes, gait

Question 4

gait

Answer 4

how you walk

Question 5

keystroke

Answer 5

typing pattern

Question 6

Alphonse Bertillon fingerprints

Answer 6

made 1st systematic personal ID
used anthropometry
most accurate until 20th century

Question 7

Francis Galton fingerprints

Answer 7

discovered:
anatomy of prints
how to examine and record them

Question 8

Will West v. William West

Answer 8

changed the way that people were classified and identified. they had the same name, Bertillon measurements, and resemblance to Will West.
showed importance of accurate fingerprint measurements to determine suspects

Question 9

fingerprints defintion

Answer 9

skin ridges found on the palm-side of thumbs and fingers

Question 10

3 founding principles of fingerprints

Answer 10

uniqueness
permanent
classified

Question 11

what determines uniqueness of a fingerprint

Answer 11

ridge characteristics
minutiae

Question 12

minutiae

Answer 12

individuality determined by ridge characteristics
as many as 150 per finger, no minimum
identity, number, relative location
must demonstrate point-by-point exact comparison for accurate identification

Question 13

when do fingerprints form?

Answer 13

8th week of development, maybe 12-14

Question 14

where are prints found on the body?

Answer 14

reproduction on ridges and palms, soles of hands and feet

Question 15

fingers aid in

Answer 15

gripping

Question 16

epidermis

Answer 16

outermost layer of skin (not vascular)

Question 17

dermis

Answer 17

inner layer of skin

Question 18

dermal papillae

Answer 18

between the epidermis and dermis, where fingerprints are contained

Question 19

does the dermal papillae contain pores?

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

3 main fingerprint classifications

Answer 20

loop
whorl
arch

Question 21

loop

Answer 21

enter from one side, curve, exit the same side
Must have one delta

Question 22

ulnar loop

Answer 22

opens toward your little finger (usually more common)

Question 23

radial loop

Answer 23

opens toward your thumb

Question 24

whorl

Answer 24

minimum of two deltas

Question 25

plain whorls and central pocket loop

Answer 25

at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit

Question 26

double loop

Answer 26

two loops combined into one fingerprint

Question 27

accidental whorl

Answer 27

either contains two or more patterns, or is a pattern not covered by the other categories

Question 28

4 classifications of whorls

Answer 28

plain whorl central pocket loop double loop accidental

Question 29

loop classifications

Answer 29

ulnar loop radial loop

Question 30

arches

Answer 30

least common

Question 31

classifications of arches

Answer 31

plain arch tented arch

Question 32

plain arch

Answer 32

enters one side, forms a hill, goes out the other side (small wave)

Question 33

tented arch

Answer 33

comes in from one side, spikes, goes out the other side

Question 34

Fingerprints are classified based on the presence or absence of

Answer 34

whorls

Question 35

fingerprint calculation

Answer 35

Whorl on 1st pair finger = 16. 2nd = 8. 3rd = 4. 4th = 2. 5th = 1. Loops/arches = 0 R index / R thumb + R ring / R middle + L thumb / R little + L middle / L index + L little / L ring Add numerator + 1 / Add denominator + 1 = your answer

Question 36

Ace-V

Answer 36

4 step process to identify and individualize a print

Question 37

ace-v 4 steps

Answer 37

analysis comparison evaluation verification, second examiner double checks

Question 38

3 levels of comparison

Answer 38

Level 1: general flow and patterns (arches, loops, whorls) Level 2: locating and comparing ridge characteristics Level 3: examining pores, creases, and scars

Question 39

3 results of fingerprint examination

Answer 39

Identification Exclusion Inconclusive

Question 40

AFI’s

Answer 40

automated fingerprint identification system maintained by the FBI

Question 41

how many images does AFI have

Answer 41

nearly 750 million

Question 42

how does AFI work

Answer 42

Computer scans and encodes print Records position and orientation of minutiae Creates genetic pattern Stores in database allowing thousands of prints to be compared per second ranks print to unknown prints experts compare takes to court, must have 12 points to match

Question 43

3 types of fingerprint detection

Answer 43

visible plastic latent

Question 44

visible fingerprint

Answer 44

made when fingers touch a surface after the ridges have been in contact with a colored material Can be seen Blood, paint, grease, ink

Question 45

plastic fingerprint

Answer 45

ridge impressions left on soft materials Distinct and visible to the eye Easily located at a crime scene Putty, wax, soap, dust

Question 46

latent fingerprint

Answer 46

invisible to the unaided eye Needs to be developed Includes the sweat and oils from skin

Question 47

how are prints identified on nonporous surfaces?

Answer 47

powder Painted wood, glass, mirrors, plastic, pots, cans, coffee mugs, etc.

Question 48

how are prints identified on porous surfaces?

Answer 48

chemicals like iodine, ninhydrin, cyanoacrylate (super glue) Unpainted wood, paper, leather, etc.

Question 49

iodine fuming

Answer 49

heating iodine crystals, creates a vapor

Question 50

how to get best results from iodine fuming?

Answer 50

photograph immediately

Question 51

is iodine fuming permanent?

Answer 51

no, fades

Question 52

Ninhydrin

Answer 52

reacts with amino acids to produce a purple print

Question 53

Physical developer

Answer 53

silver nitrate reagent used when other chemical methods are ineffective

Question 54

Cyanoacrylate

Answer 54

Fumes from the glue adhere to the print to produce a white latent print Metals, electrical tape, leather, plastic bags

Question 55

cyanoacrylate is the same as

Answer 55

superglue

Question 56

cyanoacrylate is only used on _ surfaces

Answer 56

nonporous

Question 57

superglue fuming process

Answer 57

Add super glue to a tray in a chamber Add heat source to speed up the reaction Fumes react with moisture from latent residue Bonds latent deposit to the surface

Question 58

how to preserve and transport prints (small object)

Answer 58

photograph transport without destroying print

Question 59

how to preserve and transport prints (large object)

Answer 59

developed with powder need to be lifted with tape