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Foundation of Psychology > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between an ingroup and an outgroup?

A

An ingroup is a group to which a person identifies as belonging, while an outgroup is a group to which a person does not belong

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2
Q

What is ingroup favoritism

A

The tendency to attribute positive characteristics to members of one’s ingroup and negative characteristics to outgroup members.

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3
Q

What are three characteristics that help define people’s ingroups?

A

1) Shared goals,
2) Similar values,
3) Common experiences.

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4
Q

What is group structure?

A

The organization of roles, responsibilities, and relationships within a group.

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5
Q

What is group cohesion?

A

The extent to which members of a group feel connected to one another and committed to the group.

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6
Q

What are norms in the context of a group?

A

Shared expectations and rules that guide the behavior of members within a group.

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7
Q

What are social roles?

A

The specific behaviors expected of individuals based on their position within a group.

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8
Q

What is social status?

A

The relative level of respect, prestige, and importance attributed to an individual within a group.

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9
Q

What is social power?

A

The ability of an individual to influence others within a group.

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10
Q

Define social cognition.

A

The process by which we think about, interpret, and understand social interactions and group members.

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11
Q

What is social comparison?

A

Evaluating oneself by comparing with others, often those similar to oneself.

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12
Q

Name the three motives for engaging in social comparison.

A

1) Self-evaluation,
2) Self-improvement,
3) Self-enhancement.

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13
Q

What is an attribution?

A

An explanation for the cause of someone’s behavior or an event.

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14
Q

What are internal attributions? Provide examples.

A

Attributions to personal traits or abilities, e.g., “I did well because I studied hard.”

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15
Q

What are external attributions? Provide examples.

A

Attributions to external factors or the environment, e.g., “The test was easy.”

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16
Q

What are the three factors considered when making attributions?

A

1) Consistency,
2) Distinctiveness,
3) Consensus.

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17
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

The tendency to overemphasize personal traits and underestimate situational factors when explaining others’ behaviors.

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18
Q

What is the actor-observer bias?

A

The tendency to attribute others’ behaviors to internal causes while attributing one’s own actions to external causes.

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19
Q

What is self-handicapping?

A

Creating obstacles to performance to protect self-esteem from potential failure.

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20
Q

Chapter 16.2 Flashcards:

A
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21
Q

What is an attitude?

A

A learned tendency to evaluate people, objects, or ideas in a specific way.

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22
Q

What are the three components of an attitude?

A
  1. Affective Component: Emotional reactions.
  2. Behavioral Component: Actions or observable behaviors.
  3. Cognitive Component: Beliefs or thoughts.
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23
Q

What are the four ways attitudes can be formed?

A
  1. Direct Experience
  2. Observational Learning
  3. Socialization
  4. Classical/Operant Conditioning
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24
Q

What is an example of forming an attitude through direct experience?

A

Developing a dislike for a restaurant after a bad experience there.

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25
What is an example of forming an attitude through observational learning?
Adopting a parent’s attitude toward politics by observing their behavior.
26
What are three ways to measure attitudes?
1. Self-Report Surveys 2. Behavioral Observations 3. Implicit Measures
27
What is an example of a self-report measure?
A Likert scale asking how much someone agrees with a statement.
28
What is an example of an implicit measure?
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) to uncover unconscious biases.
29
What are reference groups, and how do they influence attitudes?
Groups we admire or identify with; they influence us by shaping norms and providing examples of desirable behaviors.
30
What are the two factors that help explain attitude change?
1. Influence of Reference Groups 2. Cognitive Dissonance
31
What is cognitive dissonance?
A psychological discomfort caused by inconsistency between beliefs and behaviors.
32
What are the two situations that produce cognitive dissonance?
1. A conflict between beliefs and actions (e.g., valuing health but smoking). 2. A conflict between two beliefs (e.g., believing in honesty but lying).
33
What are the six ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?
1. Change Behavior: Adjust actions to align with beliefs. 2. Change Beliefs: Modify beliefs to match behavior. 3. Add New Cognitions: Introduce ideas to justify behavior. 4. Trivialize the Dissonance: Minimize the inconsistency. 5. Deny Responsibility: Blame external factors. 6. Selective Exposure: Avoid contradictory information.
34
What is an example of changing behavior to reduce dissonance?
Switching to a hybrid car to align with pro-environmental beliefs.
35
What is an example of adding new cognitions to reduce dissonance?
Thinking, "I recycle, so I offset my driving emissions."
36
Chapter 16.3:
37
What is social influence?
The process by which individuals' thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are influenced by others.
38
Distinguish between social facilitation and social interference.
Social facilitation: enhances performance on simple tasks in the presence of others. Social interference: impairs performance on complex tasks.
39
Define mere presence in social influence.
The effect on behavior caused simply by the presence of others, without direct interaction.
40
What is social loafing?
A tendency to exert less effort when working in a group compared to working alone.
41
What is conformity?
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match group norms.
42
Name two reasons why people conform.
1. Normative influence: Desire to fit in and be liked. 2. Informational influence: Desire to be correct and rely on others for information.
43
What is groupthink?
A phenomenon where group cohesion leads to poor decision-making due to the suppression of dissenting opinions.
44
Name five ways to prevent groupthink.
1. Encourage open debate. 2. Include outside perspectives. 3. Appoint a "devil's advocate." 4. Avoid leader dominance. 5. Break the group into smaller subgroups for discussion.
45
What is compliance?
Changing behavior in response to a direct request.
46
What is persuasion?
Efforts to change attitudes or behaviors through communication.
47
Name the four techniques for gaining compliance.
1. Foot-in-the-door: Start with a small request, then follow with a larger one. 2. Door-in-the-face: Start with a large request, then follow with a smaller one. 3. Lowball: Offer an attractive deal, then reveal additional costs. 4. Nudge: Subtle changes to the environment that influence decision-making.
48
Define obedience.
Compliance with commands given by an authority figure.
49
Name three factors that influenced obedience in Milgram’s experiments.
1. Proximity to the authority figure. 2. Legitimacy of the authority figure. 3. Presence of dissenting peers.
50
What were the main criticisms of Milgram’s research?
Ethical concerns, lack of ecological validity, and the psychological impact on participants.
51
What is coercion?
The use of force or threats to influence someone’s behavior.
52
What is brainwashing?
A form of coercion involving intense manipulation under extreme conditions, often resulting in temporary changes in beliefs.
53
What makes brainwashing effective?
Isolation, fear, and dependency on the manipulator.
54
What is self-assertion?
Communicating one’s needs confidently and respectfully.
55
Name three strategies to promote self-assertion.
1. Practice clear communication. 2. Set boundaries. 3. Use “I” statements to express needs and feelings.
56
Chapter 16.4:
57
What is the primary learning outcome of this section?
To create a plan that will allow you to improve your teamwork skills.
58
How does teamwork differ from group work?
Teamwork involves a coordinated effort toward a shared goal, requiring collaboration, while group work often involves individuals working independently on separate tasks.
59
What are some key principles from social psychology that relate to teamwork?
Characteristics of social groups, attitudes, and social influence.
60
What is an example of a situation where teamwork is essential?
A group working together to accomplish a specific goal, such as completing a project or preparing for a presentation.
61
What are the four ways to ensure you are an effective team member?
1. Help create ground rules. 2. Ensure that everyone participates. 3. Don’t assume everyone has your knowledge. 4. Model the behavior you want to see in others.
62
How can you help create ground rules for your team?
Establish expectations for participation, preparation, and communication, such as attending meetings on time and staying focused.
63
What is a strategy to ensure everyone participates in a team?
Assign rotating roles like discussion leader, note-taker, or timekeeper to engage all members.
64
Why is it important not to assume everyone has your knowledge in teamwork?
To ensure mutual understanding and avoid leaving team members confused or disengaged.
65
How can you model the behavior you want to see in others?
By being punctual, prepared, respectful, and actively participating in team discussions.
66
What questions should you ask to deepen your understanding of teamwork skills?
1. How does social psychology influence teamwork? 2. What are common challenges in teamwork? 3. What tools can foster better collaboration?

Foundation of Psychology (6 decks)

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