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Foundation of Psychology > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are three reasons humans seek to affiliate with others?

A

Emotional support, social comparison, and information/validation.

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2
Q

What is interpersonal attraction?

A

A force that draws people together and fosters the desire to form a relationship.

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3
Q

Name four factors that influence attraction.

A
  1. Proximity
  2. Similarity
  3. Physical attractiveness
  4. Reciprocity.
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4
Q

Why does proximity influence attraction?

A

It increases opportunities for interaction and familiarity, which often leads to liking.

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5
Q

How does similarity affect attraction?

A

Shared values, interests, and backgrounds foster compatibility and connection.

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6
Q

What role does physical attractiveness play in attraction?

A

It often influences initial impressions and perceived desirability.

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7
Q

How does reciprocity influence attraction?

A

People are more likely to be attracted to those who show they like them in return.

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8
Q

What is self-disclosure, and how does it deepen relationships?

A

Sharing personal information builds trust and emotional intimacy.

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9
Q

What is social exchange theory?

A

A theory suggesting relationships are maintained when rewards outweigh costs.

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10
Q

What are the three components of Sternberg’s triangular theory of love?

A
  1. Intimacy
  2. Passion
  3. commitment
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11
Q

What type of love combines intimacy and passion?

A

Romantic love

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12
Q

What type of love combines intimacy and commitment?

A

Companionate love

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13
Q

What type of love combines passion and commitment?

A

Fatuous love

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14
Q

What type of love combines all three components?

A

Consummate love

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15
Q

What are the three types of adult attachment?

A
  1. Secure
  2. Avoidant
  3. Anxious (Ambivalent)
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16
Q

Describe secure attachment.

A

Comfortable with emotional closeness and trust; balances independence and dependency

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17
Q

Describe avoidant (Ambivalent) attachment.

A

Prefers independence and avoids emotional intimacy or dependency

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18
Q

Describe anxious attachment.

A

Craves closeness but fears rejection and abandonment, leading to heightened emotional needs

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19
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

A field that examines how evolutionary forces shape behavior and preferences, such as mate selection.

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20
Q

What are men’s mating priorities, and why?

A

Youth and physical attractiveness, as these indicate fertility and reproductive health.

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21
Q

What are women’s mating priorities, and why?

A

Resources and stability, as these support offspring and provide security.

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22
Q

What are the limitations of evolutionary psychology in explaining mating behavior?

A

It overemphasizes biological determinism, neglects cultural and individual differences, and assumes universal strategies.

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23
Q

Chapter 17.2

A
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24
Q

What is prosocial behavior?

A

Actions intended to benefit others, such as helping, sharing, or comforting

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25
What is altruism?
Selfless concern for the well-being of others, often involving helping without expecting a personal benefit
26
What is egoism?
Helping behavior motivated by personal gain, such as improving one's mood or gaining social approval
27
What is the bystander effect?
This is where individuals are less likely to help someone in need when other people are present
28
What is the difference between prosocial behavior and altruism?
Prosocial Behavior: Actions intended to benefit others ( Any behavior that has a positive impact on other people) Altruism Behavior: Involves selfless motives without expecting a personal gain (A specific type of prosocial behavior motivated primarily by improving the circumstances of others.)
29
How is empathy different from sympathy?
Empathy: Involves understanding and sharing another person's feelings, Sympathy: Involves feeling compassion for their suffering without necessarily sharing their emotions.
30
What are the three motives that promote prosocial behavior?
1. Egoistic Motives (self-oriented) 2. Altruistic Motives (other oriented) 3. Motives driven by societal norms or values
31
How do egoism and altruism relate to prosocial behavior?
Both egoism and altruism can motivate prosocial behavior; the difference lies in whether the focus is on self-benefit or the well-being of others
32
Name one characteristic of a person in need that impacts helping.
33
Name one characteristic of a helper that influences their likelihood of helping.
Empathy, personal responsibility, mood, or past experience with helping
34
What is empathy?
The ability to understand and share the feelings of another person
35
What are the three components of empathy?
1. Cognitive Empathy(Perspective taking): Understanding another person's perspective 2. Emotional Empathy (Empathic concern): Feeling what another person feels 3. Physiological Empathy (Empathic arousal): That is linked to physical arousal (Example: increased heart rate)
36
Why does the bystander effect occur?
This occurs when individuals assume someone else will help, and social influence, where people look to others to determine how to act
37
What are the three decision points for bystanders in helping situations?
1. Noticing: Recognizing that someone needs help 2. Defining an Emergency: Deciding whether the situation requires intervention 3. Taking Responsibility and Acting: Deciding to take action to provide help
38
Chapter 17.3
39
Define antisocial behavior
Behavior that violates social norms and harms others or society, such as theft or vandalism
40
Define aggression
Behavior intended to harm or injure another person, either physically or psychologically
41
What is the relationship between antisocial behavior and aggression?
Aggression can be a type of antisocial behavior, not all antisocial behavior involves aggression (e.g., lying or stealing).
42
What is direct aggression?
Aggression that involves overt, physical, or verbal attacks directed at a person (e.g., hitting, insulting)
43
What is indirect aggression?
Aggression that is covert or non-confrontational, such as spreading rumors or social exclusion
44
Name three causes of aggression.
1) Biological factors (e.g., genetic predisposition, hormones) 2) Frustration or blocked goals 3) Social learning from observing others' aggressive behavior
45
How can aggression be reduced at the societal level?
1) Enforcing laws and policies to deter aggressive behaviors. 2) Promoting educational programs that teach conflict resolution.
46
How can aggression be reduced at the individual level?
1) Teaching emotional regulation and self-control 2) Encouraging empathy through perspective-taking 3) Reducing exposure to violent media or environments
47
Define prejudice
A negative attitude toward an individual based solely on their membership in a particular group
48
What are the three components of prejudice?
1) Cognitive: Stereotypes or beliefs about a group 2) Affective: Emotions or feelings toward a group 3) Behavioral: Actions or tendencies to act in a discriminatory way
49
What is the difference between explicit and implicit prejudice?
Explicit prejudice: Is conscious and openly expressed Implicit prejudice: Is unconscious and may influence behavior without the individual being aware.
50
What is the Implicit Association Task (IAT)?
A psychological tool that measures the strength of automatic associations between concepts Example: Race and positive/negative words) by analyzing reaction times during categorization tasks.
51
What are two concerns about the IAT?
1) Its reliability and consistency over time 2) Whether it predicts real-world discriminatory behavior
52
What are two benefits of the IAT?
1) Revealing unconscious biases individuals may not recognize 2) Encouraging awareness and discussions about implicit prejudice
53
Name four factors associated with greater levels of prejudice.
1) Frustration, leading to scapegoating 2) Social learning through exposure to prejudiced attitudes 3) Authoritarian beliefs emphasizing conformity and control 4) Dehumanization of outgroup members
54
What is stereotype threat?
The anxiety or concern that one might confirm negative stereotypes about their group, which can hinder performance.
55
What are the consequences of prejudice?
1) Limiting opportunities for individuals (e.g., discrimination in hiring) 2) Racial profiling, leading to unequal treatment 3) Negative health effects, including stress and mental health issue 4) Stereotype threat, reducing performance in affected groups
56
What are three ways to reduce prejudice?
1) Equal-status contact: Interactions between groups under equal conditions 2) Superordinate goals: Collaborative tasks that require cooperation between groups 3) Direct instruction: Educating individuals about the harms of prejudice and promoting inclusivity
57
What is equal-status contact?
A strategy to reduce prejudice by fostering interactions between groups where no group holds power over the other
58
What are superordinate goals?
Shared objectives that groups must work together to achieve, fostering cooperation and reducing intergroup hostility
59
What is the role of direct instruction in reducing prejudice?
Teaching about biases, stereotypes, and the value of diversity can help challenge prejudiced attitudes and promote understanding.
60
Chapter 17.4
61
What is an important skill for success in personal and professional lives discussed in this section?
The ability to interact productively with people who may not see the world in the same way you do.
62
What does cultivating an attitude of openness involve?
Recognizing the value that people
63
Name the six suggestions for developing a sense of openness to others.
1. Seek Individuating Information 2. Don’t Fall Prey to Just-World Beliefs 3. Be Aware of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies 4. Look for Commonalities 5. Set an Example for Others 6. Remember, Different Does Not Mean Inferior
64
What does "Seek Individuating Information" mean?
It means learning about a person’s unique characteristics rather than relying on stereotypes or generalizations.
65
Why should we avoid falling prey to just-world beliefs?
World beliefs can lead to unfair assumptions that people deserve their circumstances, which may prevent us from empathizing with or understanding them.
66
What are self-fulfilling prophecies, and why should we be aware of them?
Self-fulfilling prophecies are expectations that influence our behavior in ways that cause those expectations to come true. Being aware helps prevent negative outcomes in interactions.
67
How can looking for commonalities improve relationships?
Finding shared goals or interests can bridge differences and create a foundation for understanding and collaboration.
68
What does "Set an Example for Others" involve?
Demonstrating respectful and open behavior toward others, encouraging similar attitudes in your social or professional group.
69
Why is it important to remember that "Different Does Not Mean Inferior"?
It fosters respect and appreciation for diverse perspectives and experiences, leading to more inclusive and productive interactions.

Foundation of Psychology (6 decks)

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