chapter 16 Flashcards
(24 cards)
What term refers to the study of the geographic distribution of disease and its transmission?
Epidemiology
Which term refers to the cause of disease?
Etiology
What is morbidity?
The state of being diseased or the incidence of disease in a population.
What are endemic infections?
Diseases that are constantly present at a stable incidence in a population or region.
What is a pandemic?
A worldwide outbreak of a disease affecting a large number of people.
Which type of studies gathers data from past cases to study present-day cases?
Retrospective studies
What type of study was conducted when interviewing individuals who ate potato salad and developed an illness?
Case-control study
What type of study was conducted when testing a new drug on 50 individuals using a double-blind approach?
Experimental study
It is called a ________ vector when the vector organism has a role in the pathogen’s life cycle.
Biological vector
What are the 3 factors of the epidemiological triangle?
Agent, host, and environment
When is knowing the host and environmental factors that lead to a disease more important than knowing the etiological causative agent?
During outbreaks of new or unknown diseases, or when rapid response is critical.
What types of things can be reservoirs?
Humans, animals, soil, water, and other environments
Which are the indirect modes of transmission?
Airborne, vehicle-borne (e.g., food, water), and vector-borne (insects, animals)
What type of transmission to a fetus is known when Listeria monocytogenes passes through the blood-placenta barrier?
Vertical transmission
Sexually transmitted diseases between sexually active partners are most commonly transmitted by which method?
Direct contact
A fruit fly lands on cow feces and then flies over to a bowl of watermelon. The fruit fly is which kind of vector?
Mechanical vector
What is a fomite?
An inanimate object that can transmit pathogens (e.g., doorknobs, utensils)
When a healthcare provider diagnoses a reportable disease, who do they document the case with?
The local or state public health authorities
When is quarantine an effective tool to limit disease?
When individuals have been exposed to a contagious disease but are not yet symptomatic
Which agency monitors notifiable diseases in the United States?
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
What are emerging diseases?
Diseases that are newly identified or increasing in incidence
Why are we seeing an increased rate of disease emergence?
Global travel, climate change, population growth, habitat disruption, and microbial evolution
How is a reemerging pathogen different from an emerging pathogen?
A reemerging pathogen has existed before but is now increasing again, while an emerging pathogen is new or newly identified.
