Chapter 16

Question 1

what is the central dogma of biology

Answer 1

DNA makes RNA makes protein

Question 2

who discovered what genes do

Answer 2

George and Edward Tatum

Question 3

what is the process by which Rna makes protein

Answer 3

Translation in the cytosol (ribosome)

Question 4

what is the process by which DNA makes RNA

Answer 4

transcription, in the Nucleous

Question 5

what is the one gene one enzyme hypothesis

Answer 5

Each gene contains the infromation to make an enzyme

Question 6

what did SRB Horowitz tested

Answer 6

tested hypothesis by studying a 2 step metabolic pathway that process arginine

cell that die was mising the enzyme

Question 7

Gene expression

Answer 7

the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to create a functional product, often a protein.

Question 8

how many aminoacids dows rna code for

Answer 8

codes for 20 amino acids

Question 9

when does dna synthesis occur

Answer 9

during s phase

Question 10

what does a mRNA do

Answer 10

carry infromation from the dna to site of protein synthesis

Question 11

what dees RNA plymerase do

Answer 11

Synthesise RNA. uses dna strand as a template, copies the code by matching complementary nucloeitides

Question 12

what does RNA need in order to code for all the different 20 aminoacids

Answer 12

it needs a triplate code. 4x4x4 = 64

Question 13

what is the sequence of coding for a protein

Answer 13

DNA=mRNA>mRNA (Ribosome)=Protein

Question 14

do all cells have the same dna ?

Answer 14

yes but they choose to make different things

Question 15

What are genes

Answer 15

Stretches of DNA that code for proteins

Question 16

what would be the genotype in this scenario of the chapter

Answer 16

DNA

Question 17

what would be the phenotyoe in this scenario of the chapter

Answer 17

Protein

Question 18

Alleles of the same gene differ in their DNA …

Answer 18

Sequence. alleles are also made of DNA

Question 19

Proteins produce by different alleles of the same gene frequently differe in their amino acid sequence.

Answer 19

true

Question 20

what is a reverse transcription

Answer 20

soemtiem RNA go back to DNA.

RNA > DNA

Question 21

what is a genetic code

Answer 21

how a sequence of nucleotides code for a sequense of aminoacids.
basically RNA code for protein
3 bases that specifies a particular amino acid called a codon.

Question 22

what is the start codon

Answer 22

AUG, signal where protein synthesis start

Question 23

redundant genetic code

Answer 23

two amino acids are encoded by more than one codon.

many ways to get the same thing.

Question 24

unambiguous genetic code

Answer 24

One code never codes for more than one amino acid.

only codes for one thing

Question 25

non overlaping genetic code

Answer 25

each nucleotide base in a DNA or RNA sequence is only read once in forming a codon

Question 26

universal genetic code

Answer 26

same for everyone

Question 27

conservative genetic code

Answer 27

the 1st 2 bases are usually the same . last position do not matter

Question 28

what happens if we know the genetic code

Answer 28

we can predict the codons and amino acid sequence

Question 29

what is a mutation

Answer 29

a change in dna sequence.

Question 30

what is a pint point mutation

Answer 30

likely a misspelling of "point mutation." A point mutation is a change in a single nucleotide in a DNA or RNA sequence, which can lead to various effects depending on the location and type of change. These changes can include substitutions, insertions, or deletions of single base pair

Question 31

chromosome level mutations

Answer 31

mutation of entire arm of chromosome

Question 32

what carries dna

Answer 32

the nucleous of a cell and chromosomes

Question 33

missense Point mutation

Answer 33

change amino acid in the protein. 1 mistake

Question 34

silent Point mutation

Answer 34

you dont see it. also do not change the amino aciddue to redundant in code

Question 35

frame shift Point mutation

Answer 35

altering the meaning of all codons. all changes the protein

Question 36

nonsense mutation

Answer 36

convert codon into stop codon

Question 37

what does mutations affect

Answer 37

fitness of organism

Question 38

beneficial mutation

Answer 38

increase fitness or ability to survive situation and reproduce

Question 39

neutral mutation

Answer 39

do not affect organism fitness

Question 40

deleterious

Answer 40

decrease fitness

Question 41

What is inversion mutation

Answer 41

segment of chromosome breaks off, flips around and joints. a type of genetic mutation where a segment of a chromosome breaks off, flips around, and reattaches in the reverse orientation. This can occur anywhere on a chromosome, and while it's a structural change, it doesn't necessarily lead to health problems if it's balanced

Question 42

translocation chromosome mutation

Answer 42

chromosome break off and attach to other chromosomes occurs when a segment of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome, or even to a different part of the same chromosome.

Question 43

Deletion chromosome mutation

Answer 43

cut off a piece of chromosome

Question 44

duplicationchromosome mutation

Answer 44

now 2 copies

Question 45

where can you see chromosome mutation

Answer 45

on a kariotype