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chemistry 🫧 > Chapter 16/28 - Organic Synthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 16/28 - Organic Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Which reactions lengthen carbon chain?

A
  • Formation of nitriles
  • Alkylation
  • Acylation
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2
Q

How to obtain pure sample of organic product after reflux/distillation?

A
  • Separating funnel (denser layer at bottom)
  • Dry with anhydrous salt e.g. MgSO4
  • Redistill and collect product at appropriate boiling point
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3
Q

Alkane to haloalkane?

A

UV light
Halogen

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4
Q

Alkene to alkane?

A

H2
Ni catalyst

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5
Q

Alkene to haloalkane?

A

Hydrogen halide

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6
Q

Alkene to alcohol?

A

H2O (steam)
H3PO4

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7
Q

Alcohol to alkene?

A

Heat
H3PO4

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8
Q

Haloalkane to nitrile?

A

NaCN
Ethanol

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9
Q

Haloalkane to amine?

A

NH3
Ethanol

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10
Q

Alcohol to haloalkane?

A

Sodium halide
H2SO4

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11
Q

Haloalkane to alcohol?

A

NaOH(aq)

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12
Q

Nitrile to amine?

A

H2
Ni catalyst

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13
Q

Nitrile to carboxylic acid?

A

H2O
HCl
Heat

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14
Q

Hydroxynitrile to amine?

A

H2
Ni catalyst

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15
Q

Alcohol to ester?

A

Carboxylic acid and conc. H2SO4
OR
Acid anhydride

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16
Q

Ester to carboxylate?

A

OH-
Heat

17
Q

Carboxylic acid to ester?

A

Alcohol
Concentrated H2SO4

18
Q

Ester to carboxylic acid?

A

Dilute acid
Heat

19
Q

Acyl chloride to ester?

A

Alcohol

20
Q

Acyl chloride to primary amide?

A

NH3

21
Q

Acyl chloride to secondary amide?

A

Primary amine

22
Q

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid?

A

H2O

23
Q

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride?

A

SOCl2

24
Q

Primary alcohol to aldehyde?

A

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
Distil

25
Q

Secondary alcohol to ketone?

A

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
Reflux

26
Q

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid?

A

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
Reflux

27
Q

Primary alcohol to carboxylic acid?

A

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
Reflux

28
Q

Aldehyde to primary alcohol?

A

NaBH4

29
Q

Ketone to secondary alcohol?

A

NaBH4

30
Q

Ketone to hydroxynitrile?

A

NaCN
H+

31
Q

Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile?

A

NaCN
H+

32
Q

Benzene to nitrobenzene?

A

Concentrated H2SO4
Concentrated HNO3

33
Q

Nitrobenzene to phenylamine?

A

Tin (Sn)
Concentrated HCl

34
Q

Benzene to bromobenzne?

A

Br2
Halogen carrier e.g. AlBr3

35
Q

Benzene to chlorobenzene?

A

Cl2
Halogen carrier e.g. AlCl3

36
Q

Benzene to methylbenzene? (alkylation)

A

CH3Cl
Halogen carrier e.g. AlCl3

37
Q

Benenze to phenylethanone? (acylation)

A

Acyl chloride CH3COCl
Halogen carrier e.g. AlCl3

chemistry 🫧 (21 decks)

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