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chemistry 🫧 > Chapter 24 - Transition Elements > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Transition Elements Flashcards

1
Q

What are d-block elements?

A

3d sub-shell has the highest energy electron

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2
Q

What is the electron configuration for chromium?

A

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1

3d5 gives additional stability

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3
Q

What is the electron configuration for copper?

A

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1

3d10 gives additional stability

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4
Q

What are transition elements?

A

d-block elements that forms at least one ion with a partially filled d-orbital

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5
Q

Why are Sc and Zn not transition metals?

A

Sc will have empty d-orbital when it becomes Sc3+
Zn will have fully filled d-orbital when it becomes Zn2+

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6
Q

What are the three properties of transition metals?

A
  • Different oxidative states
  • Coloured compounds
  • Act as catalysts
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7
Q

What is a complex ion?

A

Transition metal bonded to ligands by coordinate bonds

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8
Q

What are coordinate bonds?

A

Dative covalent bonds

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9
Q

What is coordination number?

A

Total number of coordinate bonds formed between a central metal ion and ligand (complex ion)

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10
Q

What is a ligand?

A

Molecule or ion that can donate a pair of electrons to a transition metal ion to form a coordinate bond

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11
Q

What is a dative covalent bond?

A

One of the bonded atoms provides both electrons for the shared pair

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12
Q

What is a monodentate ligand?

A

Donates one pair of electrons to the central metal ion
Forms one coordinate bond

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13
Q

What is a bidentate ligand?

A

Donates two pairs of electron to central metal ion
Forms two coordinate bonds

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14
Q

What shape do six coordinate complexes form?

A

Octahedral

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15
Q

What is the bond angle in an octahedral shaped complex?

A

90º

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16
Q

What shapes do four coordinate complexes form?

A

Tetrahedral
Square planar

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17
Q

What is the bond angle in a tetrahedral shaped complex?

A

109.5º

18
Q

What is the bond angle in a square planar shaped complex?

A

90º

19
Q

Which transition metals normally form square planar shaped complexes?

A

With d-electors in highest energy d-sub shell
- Pt (II)
- Pd (II)
- Au (III)

20
Q

What shape of complexes does CIS-TRANS stereoisomerism occur in?

A

Square planar
Octahedral (monodentate & bidentate)

21
Q

What shape of complexes does OPTICAL stereoisomerism occur in?

A

Octahedral (bidentate)

(only the cis-isomer!)

22
Q

What colour and complex forms when copper (II) sulfate dissolves in water?

A

Pale blue [Cu(H2O)6]2+

23
Q

What is formed in the precipitation reaction between Cu2+ and NH3?

A

Pale blue Cu(OH)2

SOLUBLE in excess ammonia

24
Q

What is the colour and formula of the complex which forms when EXCESS ammonia is added drop-wise to copper (II) sulfate (aq)?

A

Dark blue [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+

25
Q

Formula for EXCESS ammonia reacting with copper (II) sulfate (aq)?

A

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4NH3 —> [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ + 4H2O

26
Q

What is the colour and formula of the complex which forms when EXCESS concentrated HCl is added to copper (II) sulfate (aq)?

A

Yellow [CuCl4]2-

27
Q

Formula for EXCESS concentrated HCl reacting with copper (II) sulfate (aq)?

A

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl- —> [CuCl4]2- + 6H2O

28
Q

Why does the coordination number and shape change in chloride ligand substitutition?

A

Chloride ligands larger so fewer can fit around central metal ion

29
Q

What colour and complex forms when chromium (III) potassium sulfate dissolves in water?

A

Pale purple [Cr(H2O)6]3+

30
Q

What is formed in the precipitation reaction between Cr3+ and NH3?

A

Grey green Cr(OH)3

SOLUBLE in excess ammonia

31
Q

What is the colour and formula of the complex which forms when EXCESS ammonia is added drop-wise to chromium (III) potassium sulfate (aq)?

A

Purple [Cr(NH3)6]3+

32
Q

Formula for EXCESS ammonia reacting with chromium (III) potassium sulfate (aq)?

A

[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 6NH3 —> [Cr(NH3)6]3+ + 6H2O

33
Q

What is formed in the precipitation reaction between Cu2+ and NaOH?

A

Pale blue precipitate Cu(OH)2

INSOLUBLE in excess NaOH

34
Q

What is formed in the precipitation reaction between Fe2+ and NaOH?

A

Pale green precipitate Fe(OH)2

INSOLUBLE in excess NaOH

Turns brown at the surface when exposed to air as iron (II) gets oxidised to iron (III)

35
Q

What is formed in the precipitation reaction between Fe3+ (pale yellow solution) and NaOH?

A

Orange brown precipitate Fe(OH)3

INSOLUBLE in excess NaOH

36
Q

What is formed in the precipitation reaction between Mn2+ (pale pink solution) and NaOH?

A

Light brown precipitate Mn(OH)2

INSOLUBLE in excess NaOH

37
Q

What is formed in the precipitation reaction between Cr3+ (pale purple solution) and NaOH?

A

Grey green precipitate Cr(OH)3

SOLUBLE in excess NaOH and forms a dark green solution containing [Cr(OH)6]3- complex

38
Q

Solubilities of Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ precipitates with excess ammonia?

A

Insoluble

39
Q

What is the colour of Cu(s)?

A

Brown

40
Q

What is the colour of I2(s)?

A

Brown

41
Q

What is the colour of CuI precipitate?

A

White

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