Chapter 16

Question 1

Example of human intervention through artificial selection

Answer 1

hairless cats

Question 2

Selective breeding

Answer 2

process of mating that is not random, but uses parents chosen by a breeder on the basis of particular phenotypic characteristics that they display to pass on traits to next generation.

Question 3

Artificial selection

Answer 3

action taken by breeders and others in selecting from a population only those members that show specific expression of a particular trait to be the parents of the next generation for its economic/aesthetic value

Question 4

Technology in selective breeding (AMOS

Answer 4

artificial insemination, multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, oestrous synchronisation, sex selection through sperm sorting,

Question 5

MOET acronym

Answer 5

multiple ovulation and embryo transfer

Question 6

MOET

Answer 6

process of stimulating multiple egg release in one female and later transferring her early embryos to other females of the same species where they develop.

Question 7

Multiple ovulation

Answer 7

stimulating females through hormone treatment to release increased number of eggs.

Question 8

Embryo transfer

Answer 8

remove embryo and transfer into reproductive tract of other female

Question 9

Oestrous synchronisation

Answer 9

process of making all mature females of (of herd/flock) sexually receptive within a predictable and narrow time frame.

Question 10

Advantages of oestrous synchronisation

Answer 10

less time, higher fertilisation/birth rate, more uniform manageable offspring, lower mortality periods

Question 11

Sex selection

Answer 11

process of producing offspring through artificially separating sperm into those with X chromosomes and those with Y chromosomes to determine sex of the child.

Question 12

Process of artificial pollination

Answer 12

remove unripe stamen, protect stigma of other plant, collect pollen from stamen, transfer pollen into stigma

Question 13

Genetic variation

Answer 13

variation exhibited among members of a population owing to the action of genes

Question 14

Artificial selection results in…

Answer 14

loss of genetic variation, animals unable to fight particular diseases, failure of population to survive environmental conditions

Question 15

Cloning

Answer 15

process of making identical copies of a gene, a cell or an organism

Question 16

Cloning techniques

Answer 16

embryo splitting, somatic cell nuclear transfer

Question 17

Embryo splitting

Answer 17

separate totipotent cells of early embryo so that resultant cells are each able to form a complete embryo

Question 18

Process of embryo splitting

Answer 18

remove embryo, transfer nucleus of somatic cell to enucleated cell, fuse somatic cell with enucleated cell

Question 19

Enucleated cell

Answer 19

a cell from which the nucleus has been removed.

Question 20

Cloning in mammals process

Answer 20

obtain nucleus from adult, remove nucleus from unfertilised egg, transfer nucleus into egg cell, implant into surrogate mother

Question 21

Therapeutic cloning

Answer 21

cloning carried out to create an embryo from which stem cells can be harvested

Question 22

Reproductive cloning

Answer 22

cloning carried out for the purpose of producing an organism.

Question 23

Transgenic organisms

Answer 23

organisms carrying genes of other species

Question 24

Genetically modified organisms

Answer 24

genes modified artificially

Question 25

Genetic engineering

Answer 25

manipulating genetic material

Question 26

Gene therapy

Answer 26

process by which the function of a faulty allele in an organism is replaced by addition of a normally functioning allele of the gene concerned.

Question 27

In vivo gene therapy

Answer 27

given directly to patient

Question 28

Ex vivo

Answer 28

developed outside, put in patient

Question 29

Stem cells

Answer 29

undifferentiated or precursor cells that have the ability to differentiate into many different specialised cells.

Question 30

Three types of stem cells

Answer 30

totipotent, pluripotent, multi-potent

Question 31

Totipotent

Answer 31

cell that can differentiate into all different cell types

Question 32

Pluripotent

Answer 32

cell that can differentiate into many different different cell types

Question 33

Multi-potent

Answer 33

cell that can differentiate into a number of closely related cell types

Question 34

The two types of stem cells

Answer 34

embryonic, adult

Question 35

Embryonic stem cells

Answer 35

obtained from embryonic tissue, can differentiate into many types

Question 36

Adult stem cells

Answer 36

obtained from adult, multi-potent

Question 37

Intervention in human breeding (7)

Answer 37

contraception, donor insemintation, IVF, donation of eggs, surrogacy, gamete intrafallopian transfer, intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Question 38

IVF

Answer 38

technique where eggs are collected from an ovary and fertilised/incubated outside of body then later transferred to uterus

Question 39

Gamete intrafallopian sperm injection

Answer 39

gametes of parents combined, implanted

Question 40

Intracytoplasmic injection

Answer 40

sperm + IVF

Question 41

Cloned gene

Answer 41

gene that has been constructed to produce a desired effect when activated.

Question 42

Retrovirus

Answer 42

virus whose genetic material is RNA: the RNA is changed into a molecule of DNA that is inserted into a host’s DNA when the retrovirus enters the host cell

Question 43

Genetic screening

Answer 43

testing people to detect those with the allele responsible for a particular genetic disorder.

Question 44

Contraception

Answer 44

Any technique that prevents production of a zygote or its implantation into the uterus wall

Question 45

If DNA is incorporated into prokaryotes, it is termed

Answer 45

transformed

Question 46

If DNA is incorporated into eukaryotes, it is termed

Answer 46

transfected

Question 47

Techniques for gene transfer

Answer 47

micro-injection of DNA, transfer using a virus, use of electrical pulse (electroporation), ballistics (like a gene gun)

Question 48

Retroviruses and Adenoviruses are used as

Answer 48

vectors to carry cloned genes

Question 49

Retroviruses can be used in cells that are

Answer 49

reproducing, DNA integrates

Question 50

Adenoviruses…

Answer 50

carry DNA into cells and the viral DNA and closed gene remain separate from the host DNA, and if successful then the cell will reproduce

Question 51

Steps to counteract ethical issues in use of embryo stem cells (Act)

Answer 51

special licence, no excess embryos can be used if it will damage or destroy embryo, can’t be created solely for research purposes

Question 52

Reasons for using patient’s stem cells

Answer 52

avoid ethical issues, recognises stem cells as self

Question 53

What does Booroola gene do

Answer 53

controls ovulation in sheep

Question 54

Booroola geneotypes

Answer 54

B^BB+ and B^BB^B (increased the most)