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Kin 101 FINAL > Chapter 16 (Blood) > Flashcards

Chapter 16 (Blood) Flashcards

1
Q

Extracellular Matrix of blood

A

Plasma

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2
Q

What makes up Plasma

A

Water - 92%
Protiens (A, G, F, T)
Ions
Gasses

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3
Q

Plasma Functions and Managment

A

Transports materials around the body.
Solvent for cellular elements.
Managements
Primarily by THE KIDNEYS.
Involves the absorption and excretion of water.

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4
Q

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

A

Created by Plasma Proteins
Not equivelent to total osmotic pressure of Capillaries
Pressure is Higher in plasma then in intewrstial fluid, causing water to go from the interstitial fluid to the capillaries

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5
Q

Plasma Proteins

A
  • Albumins - Most prevalent in plasma and in Colloid Osmotic pressure,
  • Globulins
  • Fibrinogen - Clotting protien
  • Transferrin
    Functions
    blood clotting, defense, and as hormones, enzymes, or carriers for different substances
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6
Q

Composition of blood

A

RBCs - erythrocytes
Platelets – split off from megakaryocytes (not cells, cell fragments)
White blood cells (WBCs) – also called leukocytes (LMNO(e)P(b))

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7
Q

What are the different types of leukocytes? (LMNOP)

A

L- Lymphocytes
M- Monocytes
N- Neutrophils
E- Eosinophils
B- Basophils

Phagocytes
Granulocytes

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8
Q

Phagocytes

A

specialize in “eating” bacteria and other foreign particles. Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Neutrophils

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9
Q

Granulocytes

A

White blood cell whose cytoplasmic inclusions give it a granular appearance: basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

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10
Q

Complete blood count

A

CBC
Mean corpuscular volume (M C V): the average volume of one red blood cell. (corpuscle is an unnatached cell)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (M C H): amount of hemoglobin per R B C
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (M C H C): the amount of hemoglobin per volume of one red blood cell

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11
Q

Hematocrit

A

percentage of total blood volume that is occupied by packed (centrifuged) red blood cells.

ratio of red blood cells to plasma, expressed as a percentage

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12
Q

How toknow the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs?

A

The value of Hemoglobin

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13
Q

Oxyhemoglobin = HbO2

A

Hb binds reversibly to O2. (If fully saturated, 1 gram of Hb can transport 1.34 ml of O2.)

Look at slide 13

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14
Q

Anemia

A

when you do not have enough RBCs/when they do not function properly

Look at slides

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15
Q

How to test WBCs

A

Total white blood cell count - includes all types of leukocytes, but no differentiation b/w LMNEB
Differentiatial White cell count - estimates amount of of each LMNEB

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16
Q

Platelets (fragments of cells called megakaryocytes) test

A

Suggests bloods ability to clot

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17
Q

Where are blood cells produced?

A

In bone marrow (red bone marrow is red b/c of active hemoglobin, yellow has adipose tissue=inactive)

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18
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Production of Blood Cells
Hematopoiesis is Controlled by cytokines (EPO, TPO, ect…)

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19
Q

Cytokines

A

Proteins released from one cell that affect the growth or activity of another cell.

20
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Production of white blood cells
Regulated by Colony stimulating factors

21
Q

Blood cell production

A

Colony stimulating factors regulate leukopoiesis
- CSFs
- Leukopoiesis: production of white blood cells
Thrombopoietin regulates platelet production
- TPO
Erythopoietin regulates red blood cell production
-EPO
-Erythropoiesis: production of red blood cells

22
Q

What blood cells lack a nucleus

A

Mature RBCs and platelets

22
Q

What blood cells lack a nucleus

A

Mature RBCs
- Allows for shape changes to fit in really small spaces
- Causes lack of cells division

23
Q

Morphology

A

Study of forms and structure
Gives clues to presence of disease (eg. Sickle cell anemia)

24
Q

Bone marrow

A

where blood is produced, and is highly vascularized, and lined with epithelium.
Red - Filled with active hemoglobin
Yellow - inactive Adipose tissues

25
Q

Leukopoiesis
Erythropoiesis

A

Production of WBCs
Production of RBCs

26
Q

Regulation of Erythropoiesis

A
  • Controlled by ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO).
  • Stimulus for EPO release is low O2 levels in the tissue (HYPOXIA).
  • Hypoxia stimulates Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1).
  • This turns on the EPO gene to increase EPO synthesis in the kidneys.
  • Increases RBC production in the bone marrow.

O2 levels drop = increase level of RBCs production

27
Q

Biconcave disc of RBCs

Pros

A

Increases surface for diffusion, and allows flexibility, addapts to osmotic changes in blood

28
Q

What is Iron required for

Look at slide 26

A

Hemoglobin synthesis

29
Q

RBC lifespan

Look @ slide 29

A

Lives for about 120 days (4 months)
Live less in runners

30
Q

What do all blood cells start out as?

A

a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

30
Q

What do all blood cells start out as?

A

a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

31
Q

Jaundice cause

A

by elevated bilirubin concentrations in blood

32
Q

Platelets

appearence, size, life span, and job

A
  • Cell fragments from megakaryocytes
  • Smaller than RBCs
  • 10 life span (small b/c they are just fragments)
  • Contain mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, granules (membrane-bound vesicles containing cytokines & growth factors)
  • Important for clotting, immunity and inflamation
33
Q

What determines megakaryocyte activity

A

Thrombopoietin

33
Q

What determines megakaryocyte activity

A

Thrombopoietin

34
Q

Hemostasis

A

Prevents blood loss from damaged vessels/the process of blood clot formation at the site of vessel injury
Begins with vasoconstriction and the formation of a platelet

35
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

1) Exposed collagen binds and activates platelets
2) Released platelet factors
3) Factors attract more platelets
4) Platelets aggragate (cluster) into a platelet plug

36
Q

Coagulation

A

Converts a platelet plud into a clot

36
Q

Coagulation

A

Converts a platelet plug into a clot

37
Q

Pathways to thrombin formation

A

Intrinsic pathway - known as contact activation pathway
Extrinsic pathway - known as cell injury pathway

38
Q

Thrombus

A

A blood clot that adheres to an undamaged Blood vessel wall

39
Q

What limits extent of clotting

A

Inhibition of platelet adhesion
Inhibition of the coagulation cascade and fibrin production (fibrin fibers become part of clot)

40
Q

Endogenous anticoagulants

A

limits coagulation (clotting)
they include: heparin, antithrombin III, protein C

41
Q

Hemophilia

A

several diseases in which one of the factors in the coagulation cascade is defective or lacking

42
Q

Look at Slides for processes

A

Focus on slides after 26

Kin 101 FINAL (8 decks)

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