Chapter 16 Development, Stem Cells And Cancer Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 16 Development, Stem Cells And Cancer Deck (26)
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1
Q

Cell specialization

A

The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function

2
Q

The physical processes that give an organism its shape constitute

A

Morphogenesis

3
Q

Differential gene expression results from genes being regulated

A

Differently in each cell type

4
Q

Cytoplasmic Determinants

A

Are material substances in the egg that influence early development

5
Q

Induction

A

Signal molecules from embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in nearby target cells

6
Q

Determination

A

Commits a cell irreversibly to its final fate

7
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

8
Q

Pattern Formation

A

Is the development of a spatial organization of tissues and organs

9
Q

Positional Information

A

The molecule cues that control pattern formation, tells a cell its location relative to the body axis and to neighboring cells

10
Q

Homeotic Genes

A

Control pattern formation in late embryo larva and adult stages

11
Q

Embryonic Lethals

A

Causing cell death during embryogenesis

12
Q

Maternal effect genes

A

Encode cytoplasmic determinate that initially establish the axis of the body of drosophila

13
Q

Bicoid

A

Maternal effect gene that Affects the front half of the body

14
Q

Morphogens

A

Substances that establish an embryos axes and other features

15
Q

Totipotent

A

Cells that can give rise to all the specialized cell types in the organism

16
Q

In cloning of animals, the _______ of an unfertilized egg or zygote is replaces with the ________ of a differentiated cell called ________

A

Nucleus, nucleus, nuclear transplantation

17
Q

A stem cell is a

A

Relatively unspecialized cell that can reproduce itself indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types

18
Q

Pluripotent

A

Stem cells that are able to differentiate into any cell type

19
Q

Oncogenes

A

Cancer causing genes

20
Q

Protooncogenes

A

Normal version of oncogenes that code for proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division

21
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Encode proteins that help prevent uncontrolled cell growth

22
Q

Mutations in the _____ and the ______ ate common in human cancers

A

Ras proto-oncogene, p53 tumor-suppressor gene

23
Q

Mutations in the ______ p53 gene prevent

A

Suppression of the cell cycle

24
Q

DNA ______ can contribute to cancer

A

Breakage

25
Q

Viruses play a role in a cancer by

A

Donating an oncogene

26
Q

Model Organisms

A

Organisms that are non human and are studied as a proxy to understand human biology