Chapter 16: Nonspecific Defenses Flashcards

Question

Leukopenia

Answer 1

-Decrease in leukocyte count -Causes leukopenia- cancer, immunosuppressant drugs

Answer 2

Ingestion of microbes or particles by a (eukaryotic) cell, performed by phagocytes Phagocytes are types of WBCs or derivative or WBCs

Answer 3

-Remain in certain tissues -Langerhans cells: skin- epidermis -Kupffer cells: liver -Alveolar macrophage: lungs -Microglial cells: Nervous system

Answer 4

1) Chemotaxis 2) Adherence 3) Ingestion -Formation of phagosome- phagocytic vesicle 4) Digestion -Formation of phagolysosome -Anything digestible will be discharge by exocytosis

Answer 5

-Capsules- TLR cannot attach to PAMP -M protein -S. pyogenes -Opsonization (immune adherence) is the coating of the microorganism w/ serum proteins -Enhancement of phagocytosis by coating w/ C3b (complement) -Ex. opsonins, complement C3b, antibodies

Answer 6

-Inhibit adherence (capsules, M protein) -Killing phagocytes (leukocidins) -S. aureus, S. pyogenes -Exoenzyme -Membrane attack complexes -Listeria -Pore-forming protein -Escaping phagosome -Listeria, Shigella -Not ingested -Preventing phagolysosome formation -HIV, M. tuberculosis -Pathogen not ingested -Biofilms -Pseudomonas, S. epidermidis, Legionella

Answer 7

-Local response of the body to injury characterized by -Redness, swelling (edema), pain, warmth (heat) -Sometimes loss of function -Can be acute or chronic (hepatitis, TB, chlamydia- pelvic inflammatory disease) -Functions of inflammation: destroy injurious agent, confine or wall off the injurious agent, repair or replace tissue damage

Answer 8

1) chemicals such as histamine, prostaglandins, kinins, leukotrienes, and cytokines are released by damaged cells 2) blood clot forms 3) Abscess starts to form -Collection bacteria, fluid and pus 4) Margination- phagocytes stick to endothelium 5) Diapedesis (emigration)- phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells 6) phagocytosis invading bacteria

Answer 9

1) tissue damage 2) Vasodilation and increased permeability 3) Phagocyte migration and phagocytosis 4) tissue repair- leukocyte infiltration

Answer 10

-A systemic, or overall response -An abnormal high temp produced in responded to a bacteria (and their toxins- endotoxin- gram-(-) bacteria) or viruses (Flu, RSV)

Answer 11

-Viral infection- intensifies interferons -Increases production of transferrin (iron-binding proteins) -Inhibits microbial growth -Helps body to repair tissue

Answer 12

Margination

Answer 13

-A defensive system containing over 30 proteins that participate in destroying foreign cells, inflammation, and opsonization -C3 - enzymatic cleave (C3 cleaved by enzyme into C3a and C3b) -Over 30 proteins designated by uppercase letter “C” and number “C1” through “C9” -Complement proteins become inactive until they are split into products which are designated by lower case “a” and “b" -Serum proteins activated in cascade -C3 plays a central role in classical and alternative pathway

Answer 14

-Cytolysis- microbes burst as extracellular fluid flows in through transmembrane channel formed by membrane attack complex -Opsonization- coating microbes w/ C3b enhances phagocytosis -Inflammation- blood vessels become more permeable, and chemotactic agents attract phagocytes to area

Answer 15

1) C1 is activated by binding to antigen-antibody complex Includes foreign cell and antibody (defense protein- 2 IgG) 2) Activated C1 splits C2 into C2a and C2b and C4 into C4a and C4b 3) C2a and C4b combing and activates C3, splitting into C3a and C3b -Result: opsonization, cytolysis inflammation

Answer 16

1) C3 combing w. Factors B, D, and P (properdin- stabilizes reaction) on the surface of the microbe 2) this causes C3 to split into fragments C3a and C3b -Activated by contact between complement proteins and pathogens -Result: opsonization, cytolysis, inflammation

Answer 17

1) Lectin beings to invading cell (and combines to carb on cell membrane containing mannose) 2) bound lectin splits C2 into C2b and C2a and C4 into C4a and C4b 3) C2a and C4b coning and activate C3 -Results: opsonization, cytolysis, inflammation

Answer 18

-C5,6,7 and 9 -Bursting of microbe due to inflow of extracellular fluid through transmembrane channel formed by membrane attack complex- lysis

Answer 19

Phagocytes have C3b receptors Enhancement of phagocytes (adherence step) by coating w/ C3b C3> C3a and C3b

Answer 20

-Histamines releases -Triggered by C5a and C3a binding -Chemotactic factor

Answer 21

A group of serum proteins involved in phagocytosis and lysis of bacteria -Activated by classical pathway, alternative pathway, or lectin pathway -Deactivated by host-regulatory proteins -Inherited complement deficiency (C3 deficiency) can result in an increased susceptibility to disease -Rare

Answer 22

-Capsules -Length surface lipid-carb -gram-(-) bacteria- prevent insert of C5- C9a coating w/ C3b) -Enzymatic digestion of C5a -Gram-(+) bacteria

Answer 23

Specific group of cytokines. Alpha and beta INF are antiviral proteins produced by certain animal cells in response to a viral infection. Gamma-INF stimulates macrophage activity -Host-cell specific -Not virus-specific

Answer 24

1) viral RNA from and infecting virus enters the cell 2) The virus induces the host cell to produce interferon mRNA (INF-mRNA), which is translated into alpha and beta interferons 3) Interferons make contact w/ uninfected neighboring host cells, where they bind either to the plasma membrane or to nuclear receptors. Interferons induce the cells to synthesize antiviral proteins (AVPs) 4) AVP’s degrade viral mRNAand inhibit protein synthesis and thus interfere w/ viral replication

Answer 25

-Produced by viral-infected cells -Induce the uninfected neighboring cells to make antiviral proteins

Answer 26

-Produced by lymphocytes -T lymphocytes and Natural killer cells (NK cells) -Activated neutrophils and macrophages -Increase antigen presentation -Upregulate MHC expression

Answer 27

-Whole blood test to detect M. tuberculosis infection by measuring gamma IFN release -QuantiFERON TB Gold in test tube and T. SPOT

Answer 28

-antimicrobial peptides -Transferrin, lactoferrin, ferritin -Inhibit cell wall synthesis, lyse microbial cells, destroy DNA and RNA

Answer 29

non- specific mechanical barriers to infection. composition- physical/mechanical defenses of the skin and mucous membranes. Innate immunity, nonspecific Nonspecific Resistance: -AKA innate immunity -the defense of our body from any kinds of the pathogens Skin: -mechanical barrier -breaches of it may allow microbes to enter blood -if pathogens are detected by langerhans cells, they phagocytize it & induce an acquired immune response -sweat and sebaceous glands produce lactic acid, fatty acids and lysozyme Mucous Membranes: -produce mucous that traps microbes -membranes with ciliated epithelial cells line the respiratory tract to sweep out particles -particles can be removed from body by sneezing, coughing, or being swallowed and killed by stomach acid

Answer 30

a physical barrier relies on the material it is made of to block the passage of "whatever" in and out or through the barrier. What can or cannot pass through is dictated by the size of the spaces between the molecules, or holes, in the physical barrier. A chemical barrier is made up of chemicals, or enzymes, and more, than do not allow certain chemicals to pass through, For example, the chemical kills the germ before it can pass into a cell, or the barriers of the cell, and parts inside the cell , dictate what can and cannot penetrate the cell, if all works well. examples: skin (epidermis, dermis) mucous membranes, hairs, cilia, peristalsis, defecation, vomiting. chemical factors- vaginal secretions, gastric juice, perspiration, sebum, urine

Answer 31

A cell capable of engulfing and digesting particles that are harmful to the body

Answer 32

The # of each kind of leukocyte in a sample of 100 leukocytes

Answer 33

A phagocytic cell; a mature monocyte.

Answer 34

The enhancement of phagocytosis by coating microorganisms w/ certain serum proteins (opsonins) “Immune adherence”

Answer 35

1. Chemotaxis and Adherence Chemotaxis = chemical attraction of phagocyte to microbe; attracted by microbial products, damaged cells, cytokines, and/or complement Adherence = attachment of plasma membrane of phagocyte to microbe; Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on phagocyte membrane bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on microbe Adherence made easier by opsonization Opsonization = coating of the microbe with antibodies or complement proteins 2. Ingestion: phagocyte extends pseudopods around microbe 3. Phagosome formation: fusion of pseudopods around the microbe encloses it in a phagocytic vesicle called a phagosome which now floats in the cytoplasm 4. Phagolysosome formation: the phagosome fuses with a lysosome creating a phagolysosome putting the microbe in contact with digestive enzymes and bacteriocidal substances 5. Digestion: most microbes are killed and hydrolyzed in 10-30 min Oxidative burst kills the microbe: toxic oxygen radicals (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide) Enzymes and acids hydrolyze the microbe into component organic molecules 6. Formation of the residual body: useful small organic molecules are absorbed into the cytoplasm and the acids and enzymes are neutralized. Residual body = all remaining undigested material in a vesicle 7. Exocytosis: residual body contents are discharged outside the cell

Answer 36

1) redness 2) swelling 3) heat 4) pain 5) loss of function (a.) damage to otherwise healthy tissue- in this case skin (b.)vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels (c.) phagocyte migration and phagocytosis of bacteria and cellular debris by macrophages and neutrophils. Macrophages develop from monocytes (d.)the repair of damage tissue

Answer 37

A small protein released from human cells that regulates an immune response; directly or indirectly may induce fever, pain, or T cell proliferation Ex. interleukins, interferons

Answer 38

They can migrate out of the bloodstream. In fact leucocytes spend most of their life outside of the blood. When activated, they attach to the endothelial lining of the blood vessel, and eventually pass between endothelial cells into the interstitial fluid.

Answer 39

Mast cells call the chemical messengers when faced against a foreign bacteria. chemical messengers cause vasodilation Diapedesis- monocyte squeezes between epithelial tissue Monocyte converts to macrophages and engulf the bacteria and this generates heat. (breaking down of cells always releases heat)

Answer 40

Fever raises the temperature of the body, and local inflammation can raise the temperature of surrounding tissues.

Answer 41

-Produced by lymphocytes -T lymphocytes and Natural killer cells (NK cells) -Activated neutrophils and macrophages -Increase antigen presentation -Upregulate MHC expression

Answer 42

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 43

Phagocytes and complement system

Chapter 16: Nonspecific Defenses Flashcards

(68 cards)