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Microbiology > Chapter 18: Practical Applications of Immunology > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Practical Applications of Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

Vaccination (immunization)

A

Process of stimulating a protective adaptive immune response against microbes

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2
Q

Purpose of Vaccines

A

-Induced artificial active acquired immunity
-Provide Herd immunity
-Majority of a people immune to a disease

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3
Q

Smallpox

A

-Edward Jenner developed first vaccine- 1st disease to become completely eradicated
-DNA, enveloped
-Respiratory routes of transmission: droplets and aerosols
-Dx: signs and symptoms, serology- antibody titer (w/ blood sample), PCR
-Signs and symptoms: high fever, confluent lesions/pustules especially on face and palms, scarring
-Vaccine
-Routine vaccination stopped in 1972 after the disease was eradicated in the US
-Contains the “live” vaccinia virus and provide immunity for 3-5 yrs
-Cardiac adverse effects have been reported

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4
Q

Historical Contributions

A

-Edward Jenner- invented smallpox vaccine
-Jonas Salk- killed and inactivated poliovirus vaccine
-Albert Sabin- oral, live attenuated poliovirus vaccine
=Louis Pasteur- coined the term “vaccine”

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5
Q

Requirements for effective vaccine

A

-Low adverse side effects
-Stimulate B and T cells
-Memory response
-B and T cells
-No boosters
-Inexpensive

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6
Q

Vaccine preparations

A

-Killed (inactivated) microbes
-Weakened (attenuated (less virulent))
-Subunit antigen (polysaccharide)
-Inactivated toxin
-Conjugated
-Nucleic acid

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7
Q

Practical problems

A

-Severe adverse reactions
-Possibility of contamination by other living viruses during growth
-Duration of immunity for a particular disease

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8
Q

Safety of vaccine

A

-Value vs. acceptable risks
-Acceptable risk
-platelet count could decrease- cardiac symptoms
-Anaphylaxis
-Pain at inj site

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9
Q

Type of vaccine: Attenuated whole-agent vaccines

A

-Weakened, less virulent microbes
-Genetic manipulation
-grow microbe in suboptimal conditions
-Mimic the true infection
-Life-long (immunity (B and T cell)
-Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine
-Inexpensive
-Easy to administer
-Very good intestinal immunity
-Drawback: banned in US in 90s due to rare cases of paralysis
-type of vaccine that uses a weakened or modified version of the virus or bacteria that causes a disease
-a vaccine containing live, attenuated (weakened) microbes
-ex. MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), varicella (chickenpox) vaccine

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10
Q

Microbiome may enhance the response to oral vaccines

A

Administering certain probiotic bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, enhanced antibody response to oral vaccines

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11
Q

Attenuated whole agent vaccines- disadvantages

A

-Live microbes can mutate back to virulence forms
-Cannot be given to immunocompromised pts’ (including elderly and children younger than 2)
-Storage conditions
-Live microbes can initially be transmitted to persons
-Don’t be in contact w/ immunocompromised person w/in 24hrs of receiving vaccine

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12
Q

Measels

A

-Kill 600 children per day
-RNA enveloped
-Transmitted by respiratory route
-Signs and symptoms: rash of small raised spots, high fever, Koplik’s spots
-Dx: serology- antibody titer
-Accentuated MMR vaccine

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13
Q

Mumps

A

-RNA, enveloped virus
-Infects parotid glands
-Transmitted by saliva, respiratory secretions
-Dx: signs and symptoms, serology- antibody titer
-Attentuated MMR vaccine

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14
Q

Rubella (German mumps)

A

-RNA, enveloped
-Signs and symptoms: macular rash, low fever
-Congenital rubella can result in severe brain damage
-Respiratory routes, congenital route- crosses the placenta
-Dx: Serology- antibody titer
-Attenuated MMR vaccine

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15
Q

Chickenpox and shingles vaccine- attenuated

A

Herpes varicella- Varivax

Herpes zoster- Zostavax, Shingrex

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16
Q

Flu-mist vaccine (nasal spray)

A

-2-49yrs old
-Live, attenuated virus

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17
Q

Rotavirus vaccine

A

-Common cause of gastroenteritis in children less than 2 yrs old
-Naked, RNA, wheel-shaped
-Signs and symptoms: (more severe in children) diarrhea, dehydration (may lead to shock)
-Transmission: fecal-oral, diahrrea
-Dx: serology (ELISA)- stool sample- detect viral antigen
-Other Treatment: oral rehydration

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18
Q

Attentuated whole-agent vaccine: small pox

A

-Vaccinia virus
-Certain military and health care personael should be vaccinated

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19
Q

Attentuated whole agent vaccines: Salmonella typhi

A

For travelers

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20
Q

Attenuated agents- cholera

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A

Cholera vaccine (vaxchora)

21
Q

Attenuated vaccines: BCG (Calmette and Guerin)- M. bovis

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A

50-60% effective

22
Q

Types of vaccines: Inactived (whole agent) vaccines

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A

-Inactivated whole-agent vaccines
-Killed microbes
-Phenol
-No mutation back to virulence forms; safer
-Require larger doses; mostly humoral response
-Ex. Salk Polio vaccine, rabies vaccines, Hep A vaccines
-Inactivated vaccines contain pathogens that have been killed or deactivated, making them unable to replicate or cause disease

23
Q

Poliovirus

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A

-Naked, RNA virus
-Transmission: Fecal oral routes
-Signs and symptoms: muscular atrophy

24
Q

Poliomyelitis

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A

-Polivirus: RNA, nonenveloped
-Initial symptoms: sore throat and nausea
-Viremia may occur; virus can enter the CNA; destruction of motor cells
-Dx: viral culture (feces, throat)
-Treatment: iron lung (mechanical breathing aids)

25
Influenza virus
-Antigenic shift: major genetic reassortment -Grown in embryonated eggs, virus inactivated -6 mo or older -Annual immunization is recommended for chronically ill people, especially w/ respiratory disease or healthy people over 65
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Whole, killed agent: hepatitis A
-recommended -No chronic liver damage -Causes diarrhea
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Whole, killed agents- rabies
-Rabies vaccine- preexposure prophylaxis and postexposure treatment recommendation -Animal workers and those who have been bitten
28
Types of Vaccines: toxoids
-Inactivated toxins -Boosters -ex. Tetanus vaccine, diphtheria vaccine
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Tetanus vaccine
-Purified tetanus toxoid -Booster every 10 years for adults
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Diphtheria vaccine
-Upper respiratory infection -Purified diphtheria toxoid -Boosters every 10 yrs
31
Type of vaccine: subunit
-Use of antigenic fragments -subunit vaccine is a type of vaccine that contains only specific, purified parts (subunits) of a pathogen, such as a virus or bacterium. -Capsule: polysaccharide -Very safe -ex. -Bordetella pertussis -Acellular Pertussis vaccine (DTaP) -Serogroup B meningococcal vaccines -Capsule antigen -Transmission: droplets -Gardasil-Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines: resemble intact viruses but do not contain viral genetic material of HPV -ex. Hep B (Engerix-B) and Pneumovax V23 (pneumoncoccal disease; S. pneumoniae)
32
Pneumovax (PV23)
-Uses antigenic fragments of capsule polysaccharide -Developed from serotypes that cause 90% of pneumococcal pneumonia -Recommended for elderly and debilitated individuals
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Hep B vaccine
-Recombinant vaccine- antigen fragments produced by genetically engineered yeast -Engerix, Recombivax
34
Types of vaccines: conjugated
-Antigen plus protein -Boosts immune response -type of vaccine where a polysaccharide (a sugar molecule) from a bacterium is linked to a protein carrier. This linkage enhances the immune response to the polysaccharide, making the vaccine more effective, especially for infants whose immune systems are not fully developed. -Examples include Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) and pneumococcal vaccines.
35
HiB vaccine
-Haemophilus influenzae type B encapsulates -Causes meningitis in children less than 4 yrs old and invasive disease
36
Vaccine
Antigen preparation that induces artificially acquired immunity w/o producing disease preparation of killed (inactivated) or attenuated microbes or toxoids to induce artificially acquired active immunity
37
Vaccination
The process of conferring immunity by administering a vaccine “Immunization”
38
Chickenpox and shingles vaccine-attenuated
Herpes varicella- Varivax Herpes zoster- Zostavax, Shingrex
39
Flu-mist vaccine (nasal spray)
-2-49yrs old -Live, attenuated virus
40
Rotavirus
-Common cause of gastroenteritis in children less than 2 yrs old -Naked, RNA, wheel-shaped -Signs and symptoms: (more severe in children) diarrhea, dehydration (may lead to shock) -TransmissioN: fecal-oral, diahrrea -Dx: serology (ELISA)- stool sample- detect viral antigen -Other Treatment: oral rehydration
41
Prevnar
-Pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine for infants, toddlers, and adults -Protection from bacteremia, meningitis, pneumonia
42
Menactra vaccine
-Quadrivalent (A, C, Y, W-135) -Serological capsule type -Recommended for college students and health care workers
43
Nucleic acid vaccines
-Plasmid or naked DNA injected results in production of antigenic proteins that stimulate the B cell and T cell response -West Nile Virus (for horses)
44
Advantages and disadvantages of nucleic acid vaccines
-Immune response involves B cells and T cells -Do not use life components -Easy to manufacture -Some required ultra-cold storage -Booster shots may be required
45
Vaccine production
-Recombinant vector vaccines: Avirulent viruses or bacteria are genetically modified to deliver DNA coding for antigens -DNA vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and recombinant vector vaccines do not require the use of an animal host to grow the pathogen -Use of tobacco plants as potential production systems -Improve effectiveness of antigens (adjuvants such as aluminum salts that improve innate immune response)
46
H. Influenzae type b meningitis
-Vaccine: polysaccharide from H. influenzae type b -Recommendation: Children 2-18mo -Booster: not recommended
47
Herb immunity
-form of indirect protection from contagious diseases. It occurs when a large enough percentage of a population is immune to an infection, either through vaccination or previous exposure. The percentage of the population that needs to be immune to achieve herd immunity varies by disease. -For example, measles requires about 95% of the population to be vaccinated.
48
Types of vaccines: DNA vaccines
Inj of DNA into animal cells so that the cells produce the antigen that will stimulate the immune system -ex. Vaccine for West Nile Virus (horses)
49

Microbiology (23 decks)

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