Chapter 18: Practical Applications of Immunology Flashcards
Vaccination (immunization)
Process of stimulating a protective adaptive immune response against microbes
Purpose of Vaccines
-Induced artificial active acquired immunity
-Provide Herd immunity
-Majority of a people immune to a disease
Smallpox
-Edward Jenner developed first vaccine- 1st disease to become completely eradicated
-DNA, enveloped
-Respiratory routes of transmission: droplets and aerosols
-Dx: signs and symptoms, serology- antibody titer (w/ blood sample), PCR
-Signs and symptoms: high fever, confluent lesions/pustules especially on face and palms, scarring
-Vaccine
-Routine vaccination stopped in 1972 after the disease was eradicated in the US
-Contains the “live” vaccinia virus and provide immunity for 3-5 yrs
-Cardiac adverse effects have been reported
Historical Contributions
-Edward Jenner- invented smallpox vaccine
-Jonas Salk- killed and inactivated poliovirus vaccine
-Albert Sabin- oral, live attenuated poliovirus vaccine
=Louis Pasteur- coined the term “vaccine”
Requirements for effective vaccine
-Low adverse side effects
-Stimulate B and T cells
-Memory response
-B and T cells
-No boosters
-Inexpensive
Vaccine preparations
-Killed (inactivated) microbes
-Weakened (attenuated (less virulent))
-Subunit antigen (polysaccharide)
-Inactivated toxin
-Conjugated
-Nucleic acid
Practical problems
-Severe adverse reactions
-Possibility of contamination by other living viruses during growth
-Duration of immunity for a particular disease
Safety of vaccine
-Value vs. acceptable risks
-Acceptable risk
-platelet count could decrease- cardiac symptoms
-Anaphylaxis
-Pain at inj site
Attenuated whole-agent vaccines
-Weakened, less virulent microbes
-Genetic manipulation
-grow microbe in suboptimal conditions
-Mimic the true infection
-Life-long (immunity (B and T cell)
-Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine
-Inexpensive
-Easy to administer
-Very good intestinal immunity
-Drawback: banned in US in 90s due to rare cases of paralysis
Microbiome may enhance the response to oral vaccines
Administering certain probiotic bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, enhanced antibody response to oral vaccines
Attenuated whole agent vaccines- disadvantages
-Live microbes can mutate back to virulence forms
-Cannot be given to immunocompromised pts’ (including elderly and children younger than 2)
-Storage conditions
-Live microbes can initially be transmitted to persons
-Don’t be in contact w/ immunocompromised person w/in 24hrs of receiving vaccine
Measels
-Kill 600 children per day
-RNA enveloped
-Transmitted by respiratory route
-Signs and symptoms: rash of small raised spots, high fever, Koplik’s spots
-Dx: serology- antibody titer
-Accentuated MMR vaccine
Mumps
-RNA, enveloped virus
-Infects parotid glands
-Transmitted by saliva, respiratory secretions
-Dx: signs and symptoms, serology- antibody titer
-Attentuated MMR vaccine
Rubella (German mumps)
-RNA, enveloped
-Signs and symptoms: macular rash, low fever
-Congenital rubella can result in severe brain damage
-Respiratory routes, congenital route- crosses the placenta
-Dx: Serology- antibody titer
-Attenuated MMR vaccine
Chickenpox and shingles vaccine- attenuated
Herpes varicella- Varivax
Herpes zoster- Zostavax, Shingrex
Flu-mist vaccine (nasal spray)
-2-49yrs old
-Live, attenuated virus
Rotavirus vaccine
-Common cause of gastroenteritis in children less than 2 yrs old
-Naked, RNA, wheel-shaped
-Signs and symptoms: (more severe in children) diarrhea, dehydration (may lead to shock)
-Transmission: fecal-oral, diahrrea
-Dx: serology (ELISA)- stool sample- detect viral antigen
-Other Treatment: oral rehydration
Chickenpox and shingles vaccine-attenuated
Herpes varicella- Varivax
Herpes zoster- Zostavax, Shingrex
Flu-mist vaccine (nasal spray)
-2-49yrs old
-Live, attenuated virus
Rotavirus
-Common cause of gastroenteritis in children less than 2 yrs old
-Naked, RNA, wheel-shaped
-Signs and symptoms: (more severe in children) diarrhea, dehydration (may lead to shock)
-TransmissioN: fecal-oral, diahrrea
-Dx: serology (ELISA)- stool sample- detect viral antigen
-Other Treatment: oral rehydration
