Chapter 16: Skeletal System

Question 1

What are structural function of bone? physiological functions?

Answer 1

support/ locomotion/ protection
Hematopoiesis (site for blood cell formation)
immune function (white blood cells)
storage house of Ca2+, phosphate allow nerve conduction, heart/muscle contraction, energy formation, blood clotting

Question 2

What are types of bone in body?

Answer 2

axial (skull, vertebrae columns, rib cages) and appendicular (hands, hip, legs - extremities)

Question 3

What is bone tissue?

Answer 3

Osseous tissue

Question 4

Bone Remodeling?

Answer 4

the continual breakdown of bone tissue (resorption) and new deposit of bone (formation)

Question 5

What cause the decrease (-) / increase (+) in bone formation?

Answer 5

mechanical loading (+)
PTH, Vitamin D (+)

Question 6

What cause the decrease (-) / increase (+) in bone resorption?

Answer 6

Disuse of bone (+)
Estrogen (-)
Vit D, PTH (+)

Question 7

What cause the increase in calcium ingestion and absortion?

Answer 7

Vit D, PTH, Estrogen

Question 8

What cause calcium filtration/ reabsorption of kidney pathway

Answer 8

calcium filtration: vitamin D synthesis
calcium reabsorption (+) PTH and estrogen

Question 9

What is the unit of bone? What does it have

Answer 9

Osteon (arteries and veins)

Question 10

What are bone tissue types?

Answer 10

cortical and trabecular

Question 11

Characteristic of cortical

Answer 11

compact, dense, lamelae network surrounded by cell

Question 12

characteristic of trabecular bone tissue

Answer 12

spongy, porous, latticelike network

easily fractured and models more rapidly due to large surface area

Question 13

What type of tissue bone has the greatest loss of BMD?

Answer 13

trabecular bone tissues

Question 14

What type of bone tissue does axial bones most? appendicular bone?

Answer 14

trabecular

cortical

Question 15

What are type of growth in bone?

Answer 15

appositional: growth in mass (thickness)
longitudinal: growth occurs at epiphyseal until adult stature

Question 16

What is bone modeling? How does this occur?

Answer 16

the process of altering shape of bone via the bone resorption and formation
due to injuries, break

Question 17

What are the bone cells types?

Answer 17

osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocytes

Question 18

What does the osteoblast do?

Answer 18

bone resorption, secrete enzymes that degrade bone matrix

Question 19

What does the osteoclast do?

Answer 19

bone formation, produce organic matrix, calcifies and hardens as minerals deposited

Question 20

What is osteocyte? What does it do?

Answer 20

the mature osteoblasts, covered by the calcified bone

regulate process of remodeling

Question 21

What are the purposes of remodeling bone?

Answer 21

turnover, maintenance, repair, replacement

Question 22

What is osteoid?

Answer 22

the uncalcified matrix that secreted by osteoblast

Question 23

Is there evidence that young athlete has greater bone growth than sedentary youngsters?

Answer 23

NO

Question 24

what are mechanical factors influence BMD?

Answer 24

Gravity and physical activities (weight-bearing exercises)

Question 25

What are the measurement techniques for BMD? Which one is better?

Answer 25

DEXA and QCT | QCT

Question 26

What is the best about QCT?

Answer 26

It separates cortical and trabecular bone No error for spine degenerative or aortic calcification Give info about bone morphometry provide true volume density unit mg/cc

Question 27

What is good about DEXA?

Answer 27

low dose of radiation and price

Question 28

What are the factors of bone development?

Answer 28

nutrition, genetics, hormones, physical activities

Question 29

what is minimal effect strain?

Answer 29

the minimal stress exercise on bone that allow BMD increase

Question 30

when astronaut land on earth (with gravity) which cell of bone are most active?

Answer 30

osteoclasts

Question 31

How many % an healthy adult recycle their bone mass?

Answer 31

5-7%

Question 32

What bone is suited for physiological function? why?

Answer 32

trabecular because they are easiest broken down and released to blood

Question 33

what is osteoporosis? What population it affect most? Where does injury occur most in osteoporosis

Answer 33

the disease in which bone become more fragile and easily fractured woman wrist, spine and hip

Question 34

What race has more risks of osteoporosis?

Answer 34

black

Question 35

How many times woman has more risks of osteoporosis than man?

Answer 35

4 times

Question 36

What nutritional factors that cause the risk of osteoporosis?

Answer 36

Calcium Alcohol increase risk Protein intake cause loss of Ca2+ in urine

Question 37

Is static resisting exercise better than dynamic exercise in maintain health bone?

Answer 37

No, dynamic exercise is better

Question 38

How is the rate of bone loss between woman and man?

Answer 38

they are the same although man has more bone mass than man

Question 39

How is BMD affected in female athlete?

Answer 39

Decreased Ca2+ level due to low energy availability

Question 40

What does lower energy availability in female athlete led to?

Answer 40

skeletal demineralization | dysfunction menopause

Question 41

What does stress fracture happen?

Answer 41

when stress reactions not occur to repair degeneration of joint capsule

Question 42

What is the physiological change in amenorrhea that affect BMD?

Answer 42

hormones (estrogen) deficiency

Question 43

How is microtrauma and macrotrauma different?

Answer 43

in length of recovery but mechanism is the same