chapter 16 (test 1)

Question 1

What are the 3 domains

Answer 1

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Question 2

central apparatus of gene expression of bacteria

Answer 2

-RNA polymerase
-ribosomal RNAs
-translation factors

Question 3

bacteria cells walls are made of…

Answer 3

peptidoglycan- target for antibiotics

Question 4

gram-positive bacteria

Answer 4

stephylococcus, streptococcus and some bacillus. this cell wall with no outer membrane

Question 5

listeria

Answer 5

gram+, polymerizes actin inside host cells

Question 6

lactobacillales

Answer 6

key genera: Lactobacillus, streptococcus
fermentative bacteria, produce lactic acid
energy from substrate-level phosph

Question 7

aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 7

Lactobacillales- no sensitive to oxygen

Question 8

Streptococcus

Answer 8

Gram +

Question 9

Leuconostoc

Answer 9

Gram positive, makes sauerkraut

Question 10

Nonsporulating bacillales and clostridiales

Answer 10

Key genera: listeria, stephylococcus, carcina

Question 11

Listeria

Answer 11

order bacillales, found in soils, opportunistic Pathogen that causes foodborne illness gram+, Facultatively aerobic chemoorganotrophs, grow at low temps

Question 12

stephylococcus

Answer 12

Facultative aerobe that respires, catalase-positive, resistant to reduced water potential and tolerate drying and high salt, gram +, aureus, parasites of humans and animals

Question 13

sporulating bacillales and clostridiales

Answer 13

Key genera: Bacillus, clostridium, sporosarcina, all endospore-forming bacteria

Question 14

Gram-positive endospores

Answer 14

extremely heat-resistant for millennia, toxin formers

Question 15

Clostridium

Answer 15

Gram+ endospores, Tetanus, Botox, gangrene, Oxygen kills, lacks respiration chain and obtains ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.

Question 16

Bacillus

Answer 16

anthrax (kills cells), spore forms inside mother cell

Question 17

Bacullus and paenibacillus

Answer 17

secretes exoenzymes- hydrolytic enzymes that break down polymers, produce antibiotics

Question 18

Tenericutes

Answer 18

Key Genera: Mycoplasma, spiroplasma, lack cell walls and peptidoglycan, some of the smallest orgs, related to firmicutes, small genomes

Question 19

Mycoplasmas

Answer 19

small, pleomorphic cells, show “fried egg” appearance in colonies

Question 20

Actinobacteria

Answer 20

Coryneform and propionic acid bacteria, Key genera: Anthrobacter, Corynebacterium (throat), mostly harmless with exception of mycobacterium

Question 21

Gram positive actinobacteria

Answer 21

Acid fast cell walls, waxy lipids in cell wall, streptomyces-source of many antibiotics

Question 22

Gram-negative proteobacteria

Answer 22

largest group with 6 major classes, many metabolic abilities: purple light receptors, use of inorganic, electron donors, highly adaptable metabolism,

Question 23

Alpha proteobacteria

Answer 23

Photoheterotrophs-Rhodospirillum
endosymbionts
Rhizobium, Agrobacterium- plant tumors
Rickettsias- close relation to human mitochondria, parasites cause rocky mountain spotted fever

Question 24

Beta proteobacteria

Answer 24

Lithotrophs, iron, nitrate, sulfur oxidizers
Nitrosomonas used in wastewater treatment
Pathogens- Neisseria Gonorrhoeae- diplococcus

Question 25

Gamma proteobacteria

Answer 25

lithotrophs, some are phototrophs, purple sulfur bacteria chromatium- deposits sulfur inside cell thiocapsa- uses nitrate as electron donor

Question 26

Enteric Gamma proteobacteria

Answer 26

in the Gut, facultatively anaerobic rods- escherichia coli, pathogens causing salmonella, proteus, shigella Aerobic rods- some in biofilms, some pathogens, pseudomonas

Question 27

Delta proteobacteria

Answer 27

Myxococcus xanthus- attacks other bacteria Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus- parasitizes other bacteria and lyses host (attacks e-coli)

Question 28

Epsilon proteobacteria

Answer 28

smallest group of proteobacteria helicobacter pylori-causes stomach ulcers urinase-base to protect from acidity of stomach

Question 29

Nitrospirae

Answer 29

spiral shape, most oxidize nitrite to nitrate, nitrospira leptospirillum- oxidizes iron, fixes carbon

Question 30

Bacteroidetes and chlorobi

Answer 30

obligate anaerobes, bacteroides- break down toxins in food chlorobium- green sulfur bacterium

Question 31

spirochetes

Answer 31

Own genetic phenotype, flexible, narrow spiral shape with flagella at ends, form axial filament

Question 32

chlamydiae

Answer 32

Obligate intracellular parasites-leading sexually transmitted small elementary bodies grow into larger reticulate body that does not survive outside of host

Question 33

planctomycetes

Answer 33

Multiple internal membranes, double membrane around nucleoid verrucomicrobia- irregular shape contains tubulin

Question 34

tubulin

Answer 34

arms used for attachment

Question 35

Cyanobacteria

Answer 35

oxygenic phototrophs thylakoids (membrane)- site of photosynthesis, similar to chloroplasts carboxysomes- lipid bodies, gas vesicles can secrete protective mucilage many form akinetes- specialized spore cells used to spread

Question 36

deep-branching thermophiles

Answer 36

chloroflexi- green nonsulfur bacteria, filamentous phototrophs, live at high temps (yellowstone) many have chlorosomes- membrane bound organelles that contain chlorophyll

Question 37

Deinococcus- Thermus

Answer 37

aerobic chemoorganotrophs, stain Gram+ but have Gram- wall containing several layers but lacking lipid A and containing ornithine thermales- thermus aquaticus a model for life at high temps and is source of taq DNA polymerase

Question 38

deinococcus radiodurans

Answer 38

radiation resistant, most are red or pink