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Microbiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Maximum resolution

A

1 wavelength

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2
Q

spirochetes

A

microbes that contain axial filament

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3
Q

volutin

A

an inclusion body

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4
Q

refraction

A

passage through lens material bends light

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5
Q

resolution

A

the ability to distinguish two adjacent objects or points from one another

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6
Q

resolving power

A

also resolution = (wavelength of light in nm)/(2*numerical aperture)

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7
Q

numerical aperture

A

describes the relative efficiency of a lens in bending light rays

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8
Q

Coccus

A

Ball Shape

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9
Q

Diplococci

A

2 ball cocci

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10
Q

streptococci

A

chained ball cocci

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11
Q

staphylococci

A

bunched grape cocci

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12
Q

bacillus

A

rod/pill shaped

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13
Q

streptobacilli

A

chained pill bacilli

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14
Q

spirochete

A

squiggly chain

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15
Q

spirillum

A

thicker spiral chain

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16
Q

vibrio

A

bean shaped

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17
Q

diffusion

A

advantage to being small is there is more surface area relative to cell volume. and they grow faster

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18
Q

most common macromolecule in cell

A

proteins

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19
Q

cell membrane

A

the structure that defines the existence of a cell

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20
Q

hydrophilic

A

Head of phospholipid, likes water and polar molecules

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21
Q

hydrophobic

A

tail of phospholipid in membrane, doesn’t like water or polar molecules

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22
Q

Membrane is made of what?

A

Phospholipid and proteins

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23
Q

what is a phospholipid?

A

consists of glycerol with ester links to two fatty acids and a phosphoryl head group

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24
Q

amphipathic

A

a molecule that contains both polar and nonpolar parts

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25
membrane protein functions
1. structural support 2. secretion of virulence factors 3. transmission of communication signals 4. ion transport and energy storage
26
semi-permeable
The cell membrane is semi-permeable and allows some small, nonpolar molecules through
27
diffusion
selective transport, allows small uncharged molecules to permeate the membrane
28
osmosis
the diffusion of water across the cell membrane
29
hypertonic
water goes into the cell to balance concentration
30
hypotonic
concentration is low and water will come out of the cell
31
pH change
weak acids and bases exist in an uncharged form and can diffuse across the membrane
32
transporters
polar molecules and charged molecules require transport through specific proteins
33
passive transport
molecules move along their concentration gradient
34
active transport
molecules move against their concentration gradient (requires energy)
35
fluid mosaic model
cell membrane has fluidity and can change with the phospholipid head groups and their fatty acid chains.
36
sterols
cholesterol and ergosterol, reinforcing agents in eukaryotic membranes hopanoids, reinforcing agents in bacteria
37
plasmid
extrachromosomal gene to make ribosomes
38
haploid
asexual in bacteria
39
nucleoid
contains bacterial DNA
40
prokaryote ribosomes
in all cells, translates mRNA into proteins, total size 70s
41
thylakoids
ectensively folded intracellular membranes in phototrophs
42
carboxysomes
polyhedral bodies packed with the enzyme rubisco for CO2 fixation
43
gas vesicles
increase buoyancy
44
storage granules
the storage of nutrients in a cell
45
Inclusion bodies for energy
Glycogen, PHB, and PHA
46
magnetosomes
membrane-embedded crystals of Fe3O4 fixation which orient the swimming of magnetotactic bacteria
47
FtsZ
Shape determining protein that forms a "z-ring" for septum placement
48
MreB
shape determining protein that forms a coil inside rod-shaped cells
49
CreS
Shape determining protein, Crescentin, forms and polymer along the inner side of crescent-shaped bacteria
50
the cell wall
confers shape and rigidity to the cell and helps withstand turgor pressure, Bacteria cell wall consists of single interlinked molecule
51
peptidoglycan
(murein) makes up most cell calls in bacteria
52
peptide building blocks for bacteria
long polymers N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) bound to peptide
53
cross-bridges
formed by peptides to connect the parallel glycan strands
54
bacterial envelopes
an additional envelope layer that provides structural support and protection
55
gram-positive bacteria
1 think cell wall (purple stain) contains teichoic acid
56
Gram-negative bacteria
2 thin cell walls (pink stain)
57
Lipoteichoic
gram-positive acid linked to lipids and anchors the wall to the membrane
58
mycobacterial cell envelopes
complex cell envelopes in gram+ that contain unusual membrane lipids (mycolic acids) and unusual sugars (arabinogalactans)
59
mycolic acids
carboxyl group and two long R chains, long R group=more hydrophobic and acid fast
60
thin peptidoglycan layer
consists of one or two sheets covered by and outer membrane which has defensive abilities and toxigenic properties on many pathogens (Gram-)
61
Lipopolysaccharide
outer membrane of gram- 3 sections: lipid A (six fatty acids) Core (adaptor structure) O-antigen (repeats)
62
porin
auto membrane protein that allows small things to pass through
63
mycoplasm
true bacteria, very small, no peptidoglycan wall, important pathogens, contain cholesterol they dont make
64
flagellum structure
provides locomotion (electric motor) uses protons to charge movement, contains peptidoglycan (gram -)
65
monotrichous
1 limbed flagellar
66
amphitrichous
two limbs on each end
67
lophotrichous
many limbs on one end
68
peritrichous
many limbs around whole cell
69
flagella of spirochetes
axial filaments located between two membranes called periplasm, causes corkscrew movement, better for movement through viscous media
70
chemotaxis
the movement of a bacterium in respose to chemical gradients
71
CCw rotation
flagella bundle together to push cell forward (run)
72
CW rotation
flagellar bundle falls apart and cell "tumbles"
73
fimbriae
limbs used to attach to other things
74
pilus
Attached to other bacteria for gene transfer
75
capsule
a polysaccharide that evades phagocytes

Microbiology (5 decks)

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