Chapter 16: The Endocrine System Flashcards by Anthony Lebario

Which hormone enhances reabsorption of calcium?

PTH

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Which cells produce thyroglobulin from the thyroid gland?

Follicular cells

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In both sexes, which gonadotropin stimulates the production of gametes?

FSH.

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In the adrenal medulla, medullary chromaffin cells synthesize the catecholamines:

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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Three types of stimuli trigger endocrine glands to manufacture and release their hormones.

Here’s one: Hormonal stimuli. Hormone release caused by another hormone (a tropic hormone). Example, hormones released from the hypothalamus tells the anterior pituitary to secrete hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones.

Humoral stimuli

Endocrine glands that secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain ions/nutrients. example: Low [Ca] in blood, Parathyroid glands secrete PTH to increase [Ca].

Neural stimuli

Hormones released caused by neural input. Example: AP in preganglionic sympathetic fibers to adrenal medulla, the adrenal meduall cells secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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Which nuclei synthesize oxytocin?

Paraventricular nuclei

Supraoptic nuclei

Paraventricular nuclei

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The thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) triggers the release of [?}

TSH.

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Which hormone increases basal metabolic rate and body heat production, regulating tissue growth and development, and maintaining blood pressure?

ACTH

Thyroid hormone

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Thyroid stimulating hormone is stimulated by which releasing hormone?

Thyroid-releasing hormone.

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The major target organ for glucagon is

The liver

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Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts to digest bony matrix to release ionic calcium and phosphate to the blood due to falling blood calcium levels?

PTH

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Ketones are acidic, and their build up in blood can cause [?]

Ketoacidosis

It can also cause ketonuria.

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Gonadocorticoids secreted by the adrenal cortex are weak androgens, which are..

Male sex hormones

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The parathyroid cells synthesize which hormone? Parathyroid cells are small and abundant, arranged in thick branching cords. Oxyphil cell’s function are unkown

PTH

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Rising TH blood levels act on the pituitary and the [?] to inhibit TSH secretion.

Hypothalamus

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Thymulin, thymosins, and thymopoetins are hormones to be involved in the development of [?] lymphocytes and immune response.

T lymphocytes

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Elevated blood glucose levels stimulate release of [?], which decreases blood sugar levels, primarily by accelerating the transprot of glucose into the body cells, where it is oxidized for energy or converted to glycogen or fat for storage.

Insulin

Glucocorticoid

Glucagon

Insulin

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cortisol (hydrocortisone), cortisone, and corticosterone is under which category of corticosteroids?

glucocorticoids

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Prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations can decrease the number of receptors for that hormone. This is called:

Up-regulation

Down-regulation

Down-regulation

(Desensitizing the target cells, so they respond less vigorously to hormonal stimulation, preventing them from overreacting to high hormone levels.

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Which cells in the pancreas have an exocrine function?

Alpha-cells

Beta-cells

Acinar cells

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If anterior pituitary secretion is deficient in a growing child, the child will

A. develop acromegaly

B. become a dwarf but fairly normal body proportions

C. Mature sex at an earlier tahn normal age

D. Be in constant danger of becoming dehyrdated.

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When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone.

Permissiveness

Syngerism

Antagonism

Antagonism. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels, is antagonized by glucagon, which reasies blood glucose levels. Antagonisms may occur due to two hormones competing for the same receptor, act through different metabolic pathways, or a interaction between the two that causes down-regulation (progesterone/estrogen)

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A hormone not involved in glucose metabolism is:

glucagon

cortisone

aldosterone

insulin

Aldosterone

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When sugars cannot be used as fuel, as in DM, fats are used, causing [?]: high levels of fatty acids in blood.

Lipidemia

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What are the two hormones the pancreas secretes?

Insulin and glucagon

The anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via [?] portal system

**Hypophyseal portal system.** Containing primary capillary plexus Hypophyseal portal veins Secondary capillary plexus

Falling TH blood levels trigger release of [?].

TSH

Which hormone regulates the endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Whish hormone that is produced by the ovaries, is responsible for maturation of the reproductive organs and the appearance of the secondary sex characteristics of females. Estrogen Progesterone

Estrogen

When glucagon targets the liver the **breakdown** of glycogen to glucose (called): Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis

glycogenolysis

When insulin is absent this result in type [?] Diabetes mellitus

Which area of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone?

Adrenal cortex

What corticosteroid is known as the sex hormones? mineralcorticoids glucocorticoids gonadocorticoids

Gonadocorticoids

The pituitary gland, also known as the [?], is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Hypophysis

Pancreatic islets (langerhans), the endocrine portion of the pancreas. What are the two cells in the pancreatic islet?

Alpha-cells and Beta-cells

[?] are chemical messengers secreted by cells into the extra cellular fluids

Hormones

Which hormone is released in response to **high blood calcium levels**? Which gland secretes this hormone?

Calcitonin Thyroid gland

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also known as corticotropin, is secreted by which cells in the anterior pituitary gland? Corticotropic cells Thyrotropic cells

Corticotropic cells

True/False: The anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the master endocrine gland because it controls the activity of many other glands.

True

When more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified. Permissiveness Synergism Antagonism

**Synergism.** Both glucagon and epinephrine cause the liver to release glucose to the blood. When they act together, the amount of glucose increases 150%

Which hormone promotes activation of viamin D, increasing absorption of calcium?

PTH

What is polyuria?

Excess urine output

Which cells produce glucagon? Where are these cells located?

Alpha-cells Located in the pancreas (pancreatic islet)

Which zona produces glucocorticoids?

Zona fasciculata. The thickest part of the cortex. its cells are arranged in parallel cords or fascicles.

When the G protein is activated and moving along the membrane its binds to an effector enzyme. What is the enzyme called?

Adenylate Cyclase

Parathyroid hormone: Increases bone formation and lowers blood calcium levels Increases calcium excretion from the body Decreases calcium absorption from the gut Demineralizes bone and raises blood calcium levels

**Demineralizes bone and raises blood calcium levels.** PTH is released when blood calcium levels are **low**

Target cell activation depends equally on three factors: Here's one: The blood levels of the hormone.

2. The number of receptors for that hormone 3. Affinity of the binding between the receptor and hormone

Elevated blood potassium levels stimulates which adrenocortical hormone?

Mineralocorticoid Decreasing blood volume / pressure is also a stimulant.

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract connects the thalamas to the [?]

Posterior pituitary lobe

FSH and LH regulate the function of [?]

Gonads (ovaries and testes)

The **most common** condition when it comes to hypersecretion of TH is: Myxedema Goiter Grave's disease Cretinism

**Grave's disease** An autoimmune disease. A person makes anitbodies directed against thyroid follicular cells. Rather than marking these cells for destruction as antibodies normally do, these antibodies paradoxically mimic TSH and continuously stimulate TH release. Typical symptoms: sweating, rapid/irregular heartbeat, nervousness, weight loss (high metabolic rate), opthalmos (protruding eyeballs).

Most T4 and T3 bind to [?-?] globulins (TBGs)

Thyroxine-binding globulins

Which gland is a small, cone-shaped gland located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain?

Pineal gland

Which cells in the thyroid produce calcitonin? Follicular cells Parafollicular cells

Parafollicular cells

When a hormone binds to its receptor protein, the receptor activates a G-protein when which *energy* is attached? ATP GTP GDP

GTP

[?] travel through blood and regulate metabolic function of other cells in the body. Hormones Autocrines Paracrines

Hormones

Major metabolic hormone(s) of the body

TH (T4 and T3)

Overgrowth of hands, feet, and the face is due to a hypersecretion of GH. The conditions is known as Gigantism Acromegaly Pituitary dwarfism

acromegaly.

Which enzyme phosphorylates various proteins during the second-messenger mechanism? Adenylate cyclase Protein kinase cAMP

Adenylate cyclase

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) known as dopamine, prevents which hormone secretion?

Prolactin

The outer cortex of the adrenal gland is divided into three areas or regions. which one produces aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)? Zona fasciculatat Zona glomerulosa Zona reticularis

Zona glomerulosa

Hyposecretion of TH in **infants** leads to this condition: Myxedema Goiter Grave's disease Cretinism

**Cretinism** The child becomes mentally disabled, disproportionately sized body and thick neck and tongue.

Which gland is this?

Adrenal gland

The endocrine system influences metabolic activities via

hormones

Which area of the adrenal gland develops from neural crest tissue and is directly conrolled by the sympathetic nervous system? Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla

Adrenal medulla

Proinsulin is where which hormone is derived from?

Insulin

What are the four **tropic hormones** the adenohypophysis secretes?

Follicle-stimulating hromone (FSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Important anabolic hormone; many of its effects mediated by IGFs

Growth hormone

A lack of Iodine can cause this condition: Myxedema Goiter Grave's disease Cretinism

**Goiter** Enlarged protruding thyroid gland. The pituitary secretes increasing amounts of TSH to stimulate the thyroid to produce TH, but the only result is an accumulation of colloid.

Which cells produce GH and PRL in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? Acidophils Basophil cells Chromophobes

Acidophils

What hormone is also known as vasopressin? Oxytocin ACTH ADH

ADH

Organs that respond to a particular hormone are referred to as the [?] organs

Target organs

Which hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which hormone is the single most important hormone controlling calcium balance in the blood. Calcitonin PTH

PTH Decrease in calcium levels inhibit its release. PTH increases calcium levels in blood by stimulating three target organs: skelton, kidneys, and intestines.

Which two hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

GH is stimulated by which releasing hormone?

**GHRH** GHRH is triggered by low blood levels of GH, hypoglycemia, increases in blood levels of aminos, low levels of fatty acids, exercise, and other stressors.

Which hormone mediates most of its growth-enhancing effects indirectly via insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

Growth hormone. The liver, skeletal muscles, bone, and other tissues produce IGFs in response to GH.

The placenta secretes what hormone? Testosterone Estrogen and progesterone Progesterone Testosterone and estrogen

**Estrogen and progesterone.** It sustains the fetus during pregnancy and secretes several steroid and protein hormones that influence the course of pregnancy. It also secretes **chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)**

TH is actually two iodine-containing amino hormones known as..

T4 (Thyroxine) T3 (Triiodothyronine)

Which hormone is two physiologically active hormones T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (Triiodothryonine) and its primary function is to control the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation? GH TSH TH

Thyroid hormone (TH)

Causes the kidneys to conserve water/salt (two choices)

Aldosterone and ADH

Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrate molecules is named: Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis

Which two hormones regulate gamete production and hormonal activity of the gonads (ovaries and testes)?

Gonadotropins: Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

FSH and LH are stimulated by which releasing hormone?

**GnRH** (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

Pinealocytes secrete which hormone?

Melatonin

Which glands are arranged in cords and branching networks to maximize contact between them and surrounding capillaries

Endocrine glands

Some hormones act by A. Increasing the synthesis of enzymes B. Converting an inactive enzyme into an active enzyme C. Affecting only specific target organs D. All of these

Which hormone has a direct action that mobilizes fats from fat depots for transport to cells, increasing blood levels of fatty acids and encouraging their use for fuel. It also decreases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism, conserving glucose. In the liver, it encourages glycogen breakdown and release of glucose to the blood. Glucocorticoid Insulin Growth Hormone

Growth Hormone

A hypodermic injection of epinephrine would A. Increase heart rate, blood pressure, dilate the bronchi of the lungs, and increase peristalsis B. Decrease heart rate, blood pressure, constrict the bronchi, and increase peristalsis C. Decrease heart rate, increase blood prssure, constrict the bronchi, and decrease peristalsis D. Increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, dilate the bronchi, and decrease peristalsis.

**D**. Peristalsis (involuntary constriction)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) allows the release of which hormone? Thyroid-stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic stimulating hormone glucocorticoids

**Adrenocorticotropic-stimulating hormone**. Rising levels of glucocorticoids feed back and block secertions of CRH and ACTH.

What is the other term for mineralocorticoids?

aldosterone

Fluid of follicle lumen containing thyroglobulin and iodine and is precursor to thyroid hormone. This is called...?

Colloid

Which gland contains colloid-filled follicles? Stored T3 and T4 are attached to the protein colloidal material stored in the follicles as thyroglobulin.

Thyroid gland

Which gland produces melatonin?

pineal gland

Increases uterine contractions during birth

Oxytocin

Which hormone stimulates milk production by breasts.

Prolactin

What are the two neurohormones the posterior pituitary gland storages?

Oxytocin and ADH

Myxedema, goiter, and grave's disease, cretinism are all conditions due to which hormonal or gland dysfunction?

Thyroid hormone (gland)

What is the name for the hollow, spherical shape that composes the thyroid gland?

Follicles

Which cells produce GH (somatotropin) from the anterior pituitary gland?

Somatotropic cells (acidophils)

Which two hormones elicit the fight-or-flight response to stressors?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which hormone exhibits diurnal (daily) cycle. It peaks at night, causing drowsiness, and is lowest around noon? Where is the hormone produced?

Melatonin / pineal gland

Which organ is partially behind the stomach, functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland?

Pancreas

Acidophils from the anterior pituitary gland produces which 2 hormones? hint: the two hormones are nontropic

GH and prolactin

Which hormone causes the kidney tubules to resorb more water from the urinary filtrate, reducing urine output and conserving body water?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The supraoptic nuclei produce which neurohormone? Oxytocin ADH

ADH

Which lobe of the pituitary gland contains pituicytes?

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Which hormone has a greater influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure? Epinephrine Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine.

Which cells are responsible for the produciton of the tropic hormones (TSH, ACTH, LH, and FSH)? Acidophils Basophil cells Chromophobes

Basophil cells

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels, influences protein and fat metabolism?

Insulin

The situation in which one hormone can not exert its full effects without another hormone being present. Permissiveness Syngergism Antagonism

Permissiveness.

Fatty acid metabolism results in the formation of [?] bodies

Ketones

Which hormone stimulates powerful uterine contractions during childbirth and also causes milk ejection?

Oxytocin

Gonadotropin hormones (FSH and LH) are secreted by which cells in the anterior pituitary? Thyrotropic cells corticotropic cells gonadotropic cells

Gonadotropic cells

Which hormone is stimulated to release by low blood glucose levels, and its action is hyperglycemic. It stimulates the liver, its primary target organ, to break down its glycogen stores to glucose and subsequently to release the glucose to the blood. Insulin Glucocorticoid Glucagon

Glucagon

The hormone is considered the **first messenger**. What is considered a second messenger?

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

The major stimulus for release of parathyroid hormone is Hormonal Humoral Neural

**Humoral** PTH concentrated on calcium levels.

Follicular cells secrete which hormone? TSH TH Calcitonin

Thyroid hormone

What is the median mass that connects the two lateral lobes of the thyroid gland

isthmus

The pancreas produces two hormones that are responsible for regulating blood sugar levels. name the hormone that increases blood glucose levels.

Glucagon

Which lobe is this?

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

What are the two hormones the adenohypophysis secretes that are not tropic hormones?

**Growth hormone**: Metabolic hormone that is important for determining body size, muscle growth and the long bones of the body. **Prolactin**: Stimulates milk production.

Which hormone is an antagonist of insulin? Glucocorticoids Calcitonin Glucagon

Glucagon

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release [?] hormones

corticosteroids.

Which cells produce prolactin?

Prolactin cells

The treatment for hyperinsulinism

**Sugar ingestion** Because hyperinsulinism causes hypoglycemia. symptoms: anxiety, nervousness, disorientation, unconsciousness, death.

What is the stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

The infundibulum

Which hormone is the more potent stimulator of metabolic activities, broncial dilation, increased blood flow to skeletal muscles and the heart? Epinephrine Norepinephrine

Epinephrine This hormone is used clincally as a heart stimulant and to dilate bronchioles during asthma attacks.

Absence of thyroid hormone would result in A. Increased heart rate and increased force of heart contraction B. Depression of the CNS and lethargy C. Exophthalmos D. High metabolic rate

When these two sex hormones act with each other, one of them promote breast development and cyclic changes in the uterine mucosa (menstrual cycle). Which hormone is this?

Estrogen

In adults, full blown hyposecretion of TH is called Myxedema Goiter Grave's disease Cretinism

**Myxedema** Symptoms include low metabolic rate, chills, constipation, thick/dry skin, puffy eyes, edema.

In both sexes, which releasing hormone from the hypothalamus prompts gonadotropin release? Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

GnRH

When solutes threaten to become too concentration in the blood, the osmoreceptors transmit excitatory impulses to the hypothalamic neurons, which release which hormone?

**ADH** ADH liberated into the blood by the posterior pituitary, it targets the kidney tubules. The tubule cells respond by reabsorbing more water from urine and returning it to the bloodstream. Less urine is produced and the solute concentration of the blood declines.

Persistently low levels of a hormone can cause its target cells to form addtional receptors for that hormone. This is called: Up-regulation Down-regulation

Up-regulation

Hypersecretion of GH usually caused by anterior pituitary tumor. In children this results in Gigantism Acromegaly Pituitary dwarfism

Gigantism

The [?] gland, composed of two lobes, is located in the throat, just inferior to the larynx. Pancreas Posterior pituitary thymus thyroid

Thyroid

Which hormone **decreases** blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium salt deposits in the bones?

Calcitonin

Which gland produces non-hormonal substances? Endocrine Exocrine

Exocrine glands

Which two tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary glands are considered gonadotropins?

Follicle-stimulating hromone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

What enzyme degrades cAMP? Acetylcholinesterase Phosphodiesterase

Phosphodiesterase

Which pituitary lobe produces and secretes four tropic hormones?

Anterior pituitary gland

Which gland is this?

Thyroid gland

Which hormone is attached to plasma proteins when traveling in the blood? Amino-acid hormones Lipid-soluble hormones

Lipid-soluble hormones (steroids and thyroid hormone)

Medullary chromaffin cells are found in the A. parathyroid B. Anterior pituitary gland C. Adrenal gland D. Pineal gland

Which zona is where most mineralcorticoid production occurs and where the tightly packed cells are arranged in spherical clusters?

Zona glomerulosa

Which gland is this?

Parathyroid gland

Which gland produces calcitonin? Anterior pituitary Thyroid Thymus

Thyroid gland

Thyroid follicles majorly secrete which thyroid hormone?

If there's adequate carbohydrate intake, secretion of insulin results in A. lower blood glucose levels B. increased cell utilization of glucose C. storage of glycogen D. All of these

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) These releasing hormones derive from...?

The hypothalamus

Which zona produces sex hormones (gonadocorticoids) and some glucocorticoids?

Zona reticularis. The cells here stain intensely and form a branching network.

Which hormone influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland? FSH LH ACTH TSH

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Which cells from the thyroid gland secretes calcitonin? Follicular cells Parafollicular cells

**Parafollicular cells** Also known as **C-cells**. The thyroid gland in response to rise in blood calcium levels.

In both sexes, which hormone promotes production of gonadal hormones?

**LH** In females, LH works with FSH to cause an egg-containing ovarian follice mature. LH then triggers ovulation and promotes synthesis and release of ovarian hormones. In males, LH stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to produce the male hormones, testosterone.

What is polyphagia?

Excessive hunger

What stimulates the release or gonadocorticoids?

ACTH

Thyroid-stimulating hormone is a tropic hormone that simtulates normal development and secretory activity of which [?] gland

Thyroid gland

Which corticosteroid regulate water and electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids, mainly by regulating sodium ion resprotion by kidney tubules? Aldosterone glucocorticoids gonadocorticoids

aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)

The paraventricular neurons (nuclei) synthesize which hormone of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract? Oxytocin ADH PTH

Oxytocin

Which hormone is the most important regulator of calcium balance of the blood? TSH TH PTH

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

If insulin is present, but its effects are deficient, the result type is type [?] diabetes mellitus

Thyrotropic cells of the **anterior pituitary** releases which hormone?

TSH.

Which cells produce insulin? Where are these cells located? Alpha-cells Beta-cells Chromophobes

Beta-cells Pancreatic islet

Which corticosteroid enables the body to resists long-term stressors, by increasing blood glucose levels?

glucocorticoids

Stimulates milk production

Prolactin

What are the two types of glands?

Endocrine and exocrine glands

Which area of the adrenal gland produces three major groups of steroid hormones collectively called corticosteroids?

adrenal cortex

Which two hormones secreted by the hypothalamus regulates the release and inhibition of growth hormone?

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

The anterior pituitary secretes all but Antidiuretic hormone GH gonadotropins TSH

ADH

Prolactin is controlled by which releasing hormone?

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

This gland is rather large in infant, but begins to atrophy at puberty and is relatively inconspicuous by old age. it produces hormones that direct the maturation of T cells. It is the [?] gland.

Thymus

[?] form the endocrine portion of the pancreas Pancreatic islets Acinar cells

Pancreatic islets

Which hormone enhances membrane transprot of glucose into most body cells, especially muscle and fat cells, inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, and inhibits the conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose?

Insulin

Chapter 16: The Endocrine System Flashcards

(173 cards)