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Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

A

discovered that if a person were to speak into a vibrating set of reeds, it created
a fuctuating current that could, at the other end of an electronic wire, be turned back
into the same sound through another set of tuned reeds, organized the Bell Telephone Company and the telephone became essential to everyday life

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2
Q

Before the telephone was invented, what did Edison invent?

A

produced both a diplex and a
quadruplex that could send two messages simultaneously each way on a single wire,
greatly increasing the value of every telegraph line in the nation and securing Edison’s
fame and fortune

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3
Q

What else did Edison invent?

A

electric light bulb, established an independent research laboratory at Menlo Park,
New Jersey, he tinkered with ways to record a human voice and music.

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4
Q

George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla

A

found that alternating current was a much more efficient way to transmit electricity than
the direct current that Edison used.

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5
Q

Frank J. Sprague

A

introduced the first electric streetcar

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6
Q

General Electric

A

Founded in 1892, General Edison Electric Company merged with a rival to create it, helped create electric things like moving screens

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7
Q

Independent manufacturers began toying with what?

A

gasoline-powered vehicles, putting a gasoline engine on bicycles or carriages, which
led to automobiles

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8
Q

Henry Ford

A

Revolutionized production of vehicles, his invention of the assembly line that made possible the
mass-production of cars at reasonable cost.

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9
Q

Gilded Age

A

Term applied to America in the late 1800s
that refers to the shallow display and worship
of wealth characteristic of the period

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10
Q

Jay Cooke

A

Most powerful banker in the US but almost destroyed the nations economy

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11
Q

How did Cooke hurt the economy?

A

Cooke financed the Northern Pacific Railroad, telling European investors that a rail line from Duluth, Minnesota, to the Pacific coast would connect the world’s breadbasket to shipping across the Pacific and across the Atlantic. The end of the seemingly faraway Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) caused world grain
prices to drop precipitously as European countries produced more of their own wheat.
The result was further reduced profit on the rail lines that hauled American wheat. This hurt the Railroad and caused Cookes Company to go bankrupt

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12
Q

What did Cookes situation lead to?

A

Panic of 1873- A major economic downturn, launched when the country’s leading financier, Jay Cooke, went bankrupt during which thousands lost their jobs and from which thecountry took years to recover

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13
Q

Cornelius Vanderbuilt

A

created a steamboat empire, first in New York Harbor, and then around the world. He controlled the transit to California, which was more profitable than finding gold there.

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14
Q

What did Vanderbuilt do to railroads?

A

He bought them and created new way to manage them like trains that ran on schedule
were less likely to collide, and trains that ran on well-laid tracks were less likely to
derail.

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15
Q

Vanderbuilt and the New York & Harlem Railroad

A

Improved its tracks, carts, service and purchased the connecting Hudson River Railroad. He became the richest man in American due o controlling this

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16
Q

Daniel Drew, along with Jay Gould and Jim Fisk

A

known as corporate pirates who extracted wealth from companies

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17
Q

How did Gould and Fisk corner the nations gold supply?

A

they convinced President Grant to appoint Daniel Butterfield to the key treasury post overseeing the nation’s gold supply. They then bribed Butterfield to join in their conspiracy. As they kept buying and hoarding gold, the price kept going up and up because of the demand they were creating

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18
Q

How was this stopped?

A

Grant ordered the government
to sell up to $4 million in gold, bringing the price back down. Many peoples investments in gold were ruined, but the pirates were ok.

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19
Q

John Rockefeller

A

Found new ways to make money from oil. He focused on refining the oils that others produced from the ground instead of digging himself. Rockefeller built a refinery in Cleveland where he could take advantage of nearby supplies of crude oil and get his products to market by using Great Lakes shipping

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20
Q

How did Rockefeller dominate Cleveland refining market?

A

Kept his products nice and low price, and brought in a partner Henry M.
Flagler that helped him sell oil quicker

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21
Q

How did Rockefeller-Flagle dominate the oil business?

A

Bought out competition becoming the Standard Oil Company, went into direct
competition, cutting prices, until the competitor either sold to Standard Oil or went out of business.

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22
Q

Standard Oil Trust

A

Rockefeller-Flagle corporation, to buy up virtually every other refinery in the nation.

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23
Q

Horizontal Integration

A

All oil companies merged to the Standard Oil Company

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24
Q

Who paid someone to serve as his substitute in the Union army?

A

Rockefeller and Carnegie

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25
How did Carnegie get his start on steel?
Didnt join the army, invested in steel, and persuaded several investors to join him in opening a new state-of-the-art steel mill just outside Pittsburgh.
26
Why did Carnegie benefit from starting a mill in Pennsylvania?
Pittsburgh was near the coal fields, and steel mills used a lot of coal. Also near rivers and competing railroad lines, so no one rail line could squeeze Carnegie’s profit
27
How did Carnegie set out to dominate steel business?
He found ways to track and cut costs, replaced wood buildings with iron ones, he developed an assembly line approach to steel production, he constantly updated and replaced equipment, bought everything needed for the steel business, from the coal mines to the coke ovens that prepared fuel to the iron mines that produced iron ore. He purchased railroads and steamships to transport the coal and ore to Pittsburgh. In addition, he did whatever was needed to keep workers’ salaries as low as possible.
28
vertical integration
The consolidation of numerous production functions, from the extraction of the raw materials to the distribution and marketing of the finished products, under the direction of one firm. Carnegie Steel was under this which made Carnegie rich
29
Rich men who dominated companies then did what?
Pursued in politician roles and established trusts as they replaced competition with easier and more profitable coordination
30
John Pierpont Morgan
the banker that everyone else, including the richest industrialists and often the U.S. government, looked to.
31
Morgans company J.P. Morgan & Company. did what?
sold reconditioned army rifles back to the federal government at a considerable profit, worked with European bank and Morgan helped finance the transcontinental railroad in the United States and the Suez Canal in the Middle East, using his skill and formidable resources, Morgan helped pick up the pieces of the American economy
32
How did Morgan settle the competitors New York Central and the Pennsylvania Railroad owners?
Invited both directors on his yacht until they settled for an agreement
33
What was their agreement?
better organization and higher prof ts for both lines, especially for stockholders and directors like Morgan himself
34
As depression was happening in 1893, what were investors doing?
Withdrawing gold held in US banks which almost bankrupted the US government
35
What solution did Morgan have for President Cleveland about the gold issue?
He then offered $65 million in gold in return for 30-year government bonds.
36
did this solution work?
Yes, European bankers who had lost faith in the United States had faith in Morgan. They bought the bonds and stopped demanding payments in gold
37
What expectations were rising?
Urban middle class homes and the appliances in them
38
John Lewis
shared gained enjoyment of Christmas post war
39
Daniel Burnham
architect who helped design things in a classic style
40
Louis Sullivan
architect who preferred more simple lines and not Renaissance style
41
the New Croton Aqueduct
built from 1885 to 1893 to bring water to all of the city’s neighborhoods. Water, which had been a source of disease, became one of the healthiest aspects of urban life. Cholera and other water illnesses disappeared
42
Cities of Gilded Age
cleaner, brighter, and faster paced than anything known in the United States before that time
43
Dwight L Moody
worked for the YMCA helped poor immigrant children Launched new bible training schools Coming home to Jesus was the key for Moody, and home and Jesus of en represented the same thing
44
Ira D. Sankey
her music was as important as the preaching at Moody’s revivals
45
Democrats and Republicans represented
upper class during the Gilded Age
46
Stalwarts
A faction of the Republican Party in the 1870s and 1880s who wanted the party to stay true to its earlier support for Reconstruction in the South and who were less connected to the emerging big-business interests than others.
47
James A Garfield
who defeated the Democrats’ Union war hero Winfield Scott Hancock in the November 1880 election Committed to civil service reform Shot and Chester A. Aurthor became president
48
Mugwumps
A reform faction of the Republican party who supported Cleveland, the Democratic nominee over the Republican Blaine in the 1884 election.
49
Drama before 1884 election
Cleveland fathered a child then paid the child support, still won by 1,100 votes in nys and gave him the electoral college win
50
Cleveland views
did not want to expand the country ignored issues with African-Americans
51
Who won 1888 election?
Benjamin Harrison
52
The Treaty of Chemulpo
opened Korea to trade with the U.S.
53
Bad harvests in Europe starting in 1879 led to
significant demand for American food, lifting the U.S. economy out of the last vestiges of the Panic of 1873
54
Pogroms
Government-directed attacks against Jewish citizens, property, and villages in tsarist Russia beginning in the 1880s; a primary reason for Russian Jewish migration to the United States
55
Chinese Exclusion Act
Federal legislation that suspended Chinese immigration, limited the civil rights of resident Chinese, and forbade their naturalization.
56
Before 1920 about 30 year period immigration into the U.S. was high
Mexican-Americans French-Canadians as well
57
Melting pot
An often popular idea that somehow immigrants from other countries should quickly lose their culture and language and “melt” into being just like other Americans
58
Sweatshops
Small, poorly ventilated shops or apartments crammed with workers, often family members, who pieced together garments.
59
Apartments buildings
cramped with too many people in each room
60
Democratic Bloc
White Southerners, Catholics, recent immigrants, urban working poor, most farmers
61
Republican Bloc
Northern Whites, African Americans, Northern Protestants, Old WASPs, middle class
62
Who held power during the late 19th century due to weak Presidents?
Congress
63
Who was the most powerful government branch and why did some think that?
Senate, people thought it was because it was made up of wealthy people
64
The House
Disorganized and held too many people to generate effective political debate
65
Why did American manufacturing flourish?
Natural resources, capital, tariffs
66
Robber Barons
anipulated stock, bribed, and held monopolies
67
How much track did Vanderbuilt operate?
4500 miles between NYC and most cities in the Midwest
68
What was eveloped due to railroads?
TImezones
69
Pullman
Invented sleeping car
70
Westinghouse
Invented the airbrake
71
Edwin Drake
Drilled the first successful oil well in Pennsylvania
72
Kerosene
Most important byproduct of petroleum before the invention of the gas engine
73
What helped the production expense of iron go down?
The Bessemer process
74
Iron and steel capital of the world
Pennsylvania due to its large supply of coal
75
WHy were railroad companies in trouble?
Always in debt and going out of business
76
Where did railroad companies end up?
Hands of private bankers like JP Morgan, banks didnt like competition on railroad lines
77
What did Carnegie believe?
wealth came with social responsibility, sold his holdings to JP Morgan
78
The STandard Oil Company
John Rockefeller, an oil refinery grant
79
he trust gave
9 trustees all the standard oil stocks to supervise properties, Standard Oil had no right to exist
80
Social Darwinism
Was applied to business, Carnegie, Morgan, and Rockefellers influence scared peopl
81
Carnegie belived
the anglo-saxon race was superior
82
THe book Progress and Poverty by Henry George argued that
labor was the source of true capital, proposed a property tax that would confiscate unearned increment
83
Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy argued
for an ideal socialist state in which all citizens shared equally
84
Wealth Against Commonwealth by Henry Lloyd attacked
the business practices of Standard Oil
85
The Granger Movement
86
Grangers
Pushed for reasonable railroad rates, attacked discriminations, and a commission to enforce laws
87
Munn v. Illinois
Railroads argued that they were being deprived of property without due process This case involved a grain elevator owner who refused to obey a state warehouse act
88
Outcome
The Supreme Court ruled that any business that served the public interest was subject to state control
89
Sherman Antitrust Act
declared any combination “in the form of trust or otherwise that was in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states, or with foreign nations was declared illegal”
90
United States v. E.C. Knight
The Supreme Court ruled that although the Sugar Trust controlled 98% all sugar refining it was not restraining trade If the Sugar Trust did not violate the act it seemed unlikely that any trust would
91
In 1883, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the 14th Amendment
did not apply to private organizations or individuals.(led to segregation in railroads, hotels)
92
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) ruled that
t if accommodations were equal then segregation was permitted

APUSH (51 decks)

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