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A+P 2 > CHAPTER 17 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 17 Flashcards

1
Q

ADH (vasopresin)

A

stimulates kidneys to decrease urine output and the thirst center to increase fluid intake when body is dehydrated. in high doses, ADH is a vasoconstrictor. (thus, it is also called vasopressin)

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2
Q

oxytocin

A

bonding hormone, contraction of smooth muscle of uterus, ejection of milk from mammary glands

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3
Q

TSH

A

stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone

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4
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production. function not known in males

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5
Q

FSH

A

controls development of both oocyte and ovarian follicle, also developement of sperm within testes

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6
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

induces ovulation, controls testosterone synthesis in testes

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7
Q

ACTH

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

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8
Q

GH

A

release of IGF from liver

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9
Q

melatonin

A

regulation of circadian rhythm, functions in sexual maturation

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10
Q

thyroid hormone

A

increases metabolic rate of all cells, increases heat production (calorigenic effect)

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11
Q

calcitonin

A

decreases blood calcium levels. most significant in children

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12
Q

PTH

A

increases blood calcium levels by stimulating both release of calcium from bone tissue and decrease loss of calcium in urine. causes formation of calcitriol hormone. a hormone that increases calcium absorption from small intestine.

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13
Q

Thymosin/thymulin/thymopoietin

A

maturation of T-lymphocytes

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14
Q

mineralocorticoids (e.g) aldosterone

A

regulate blood Na+ and K+ levels by decreasing the Na+ and increasing the K+ excreted in urine

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15
Q

glucocorticoids (e.g) cortisol

A

participate in stress response, increase available nutrients in blood

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16
Q

gonadocorticoids (dehydro-epiandrosterone)

A

stimulate maturation and functioning of reproductive system

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17
Q

epinephrine, norepinephrine,

A

prolong effects of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

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18
Q

insulin

A

decrease blood glucose levels

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19
Q

glucagon

A

increases blood glucose levels

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20
Q

testosterone

A

stimulates maturation and function of male reproductive system

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21
Q

inhibin

A

inhibits release of FSH from anterior pituitary gland,

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22
Q

estrogen, progesterone

A

stimulate maturation and function of female reproductive system

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23
Q

ANP

A

functions primarily to decrease blood pressure by stimulating both the kidneys to increase urine output and the blood vessels to dilate

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24
Q

EPO

A

increases production of red blood cells (erythrocytes)

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25
Q

Antgiotensinogen

A

converted by enzymes released from the kidney and within the inner lining of blood vessels to angiotensin 2; increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and decreasing urine output; stimulates thirst center

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26
Q

IGF’S

A

function synergistically with growth hormone to regulate growth

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27
Q

hepcidin

A

regulates iron levels

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28
Q

gastrin

A

facilitates digestion

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29
Q

secretin

A

regulates digestion within small intestine by helping to maintain normal pH within small intestine

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30
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

regulates digestion within small intestine by facilitating digestion of proteins and fats within small intestine

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31
Q

motilin

A

stimulates small intestine motility

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32
Q

Vitamin d3

A

converted by enzymes of liver and kidney to calcitriol; functions synergistically with PTH and increases calcium absorption from small intestine

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33
Q

leptin

A

helps regulate food intake

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34
Q

hormones produced by hypothalamus

A

regulatory hormones, ADH, oxytocin

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35
Q

hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland

A

TSH, PRL, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH

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36
Q

hormones produced by pineal gland

A

melatonin

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37
Q

hormones produced by thyroid gland

A

thyroid hormone, calcitonin

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38
Q

hormones produced by parathyroid glands

A

PTH

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39
Q

hormones produced by thymus

A

thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin

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40
Q

hormones secreted by adrenal cortex

A

mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids

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41
Q

hormones secreted by adrenal medulla

A

epi, NE

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42
Q

hormones secreted by pancreas

A

insulin, glucagon

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43
Q

hormones secreted by ovaries

A

estrogen, progesterone, inhibin

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44
Q

hormones secreted by testes

A

inhibin, testosterone

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45
Q

hormones secreted from heart

A

ANP

46
Q

Hormones secreted from liver

A

angiotensinogen, IGF, EPO, hepcidin

47
Q

stomach hormone

A

gastrin

48
Q

small intestine hormones

A

secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin

49
Q

skin hormone

A

vitamin d3

50
Q

adipose connective tissue hormone

A

leptin

51
Q

hormonal stimulation

A

release of another hormone triggers the release of the hormone

52
Q

humoral stimulation

A

changes in level of nutrient or ion in the blood triggers release of the hormone

53
Q

nervous system stimulation

A

stimulation by the nervous system triggers release of the hormone

54
Q

3 categories of circulating hormones

A

steroid, biogenic amine, protein

55
Q

lipid soluble molecules synthesized from cholesterol

A

steroid

56
Q

biogenic amine

A

also called monoamines. they are modified amino acids

57
Q

true or fale? most hormones are proteins.

A

true

57
Q

group of short-lived signaling molecules that do not circulate within the blood

A

local hormones

58
Q

autocrine vs paracrine stimulation

A

cell binds with either same cell that produced it, or neighboring cells

59
Q

primary type of local hormone

A

eicosanoid

60
Q

_____ synthesis and release provides the means for all tissues to locally regulate cellular responses

A

eicosanoid

61
Q

most diverse category of eicosanoid

A

prostaglandin

62
Q

examples of prostaglandin activity

A

fever induction, inhibition of stomach acid secretion, increaseing inflammaiton, stimulating pain receptors. yuck

63
Q

lipid-soluble hormones do not dissolve readily within blood plasma, so they require a _____ _____

A

carrier protein

64
Q

protein thought of as a “ferry boat from the liver”

A

carrier protein

65
Q

any hormone that is attached to a carrier protein is a

A

bound hormone

66
Q

How much of the hormones transported in the blood at any giben time are unbound?

A

less than 10% typically

67
Q

True or false/ water soluble hormones do not generally require carrier proteins

A

true

68
Q

how are hormones typically eliminated?

A

enzymatic degradation, urine, uptake into target cells

69
Q

hormones only interact with

A

target cells

70
Q

lipid soluble hormones are small, non polar molecules that are

A

lipophilic

71
Q

hormone-receptor complex

A

hormone binds to intracellular receptors located in either the cytosol or the nucleus

72
Q

hormone-receptor complex binds to a particular DNA sequence called a

A

hormone response element (HRE)

73
Q

The binding of water-soluble hormones to a plasma membrane receptor initiates a series of biochemical events across the membrane called a

A

signal transduction pathway

74
Q

Activated G protein moves along the inside of the plasma membrane, where it binds to the plasma membrane protein

A

adenylate cyclase

75
Q

activation of phospholipase C results in the splitting of

A

PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol biphosphate)

76
Q

The splitting of PIP2 results in the formatioon of 2 secondary messenger molecules

A

DAG, IP3

77
Q

The production of second messengers by cells that are stimulated by water-soluble hormones alters protein kinase activity, changes a cell’s permeability to ions, or both. Ultimately the action may result in

A

activation/inhibiton of enzymatic pathways, growth through cellular division, release of cellular secretions, chagnes in membrane ion permeability, muscle contraction or relaxation

78
Q

The binding of the hormone to the receptor results in specific “information” being passed in a signal conduction pathway called an

A

intracellular enzyme cascade

79
Q

target cells may increase the number of receptors, thereby increasing cell sensitivity to a hormone, a process called

A

up-regulation

80
Q

activity of one hormone requires a second hormone, as if one hormone “gives permission for the first hormone to function”

A

permissive interaction

81
Q

hormone analog

A

a molecule that has a chemical structure that is similar to the chemical structure of a hormone

82
Q

the pituitary gland is also called the

A

hypophysis

83
Q

stalk which connects pituitary gland to hypthalamus

A

infundibulum

84
Q

the posterior pituitary makes up approximately ____ of the mass of the pituitary gland

A

1/4

85
Q

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

A

neural pathway that functionally connects the posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus

86
Q

most of the pituitary gland is the

A

anterior pituitary

87
Q

The connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary involves two capillary plexuses interconnected by

A

portal veins

88
Q

regulatory hormones produced and released from the hypothalamus fall into one of two groups

A

releasing hormones, inhibiting hormones

89
Q

butterfly shaped gland located immediately inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and anterior to the trachea

A

thyroid gland

90
Q

The thyroid gland is composed of left and right lobes which are connected at the anterior midline by a narrow

A

isthmus

91
Q

the thyroid gland at a histologic level is composed primarily of numerous microscopic spherical structures called

A

thyroid follicles

92
Q

the follicular cells of the thyroid produce and later release TH by first synthesizing a glycoprotein called

A

thyroglobulin

93
Q

parafollicular cells of the thyroid (also known as C-cells) produce the hormone

A

calcitonin

94
Q

thyroid hormone is released form the thyroid gland as a result of the integrated activities of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. this is referred to as the

A

hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis

95
Q

Adipose connective tissue cells respond to TH in the body by both increasing lipolysis and decreasing lipogenesis. as a result, both glycerol and fatty acids are released into blood as an alternative nutrient molecule for cellular respiration. This saves glucose for the brain, and is also called the

A

glucose sparing effect

96
Q

graves disease

A

autoimmune disorder involving the formation of antibodies that mimic TSH hormone

97
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of the thryoid, typically due to an insufficient amount of dietary iodine

98
Q

pyramid shaped, paired endocrine glands anchored on the superior surface of each kidney

A

adrenal glands

99
Q

releases the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

adrenal medulla

100
Q

Why is the adrenal cortex yellow?

A

theres fat in there

101
Q

adrenal corex parts

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

102
Q

adrenogenital syndrome

A

characterized by the inability to synthesize corticosteroids

103
Q

elongated organ situated between the duodenum of the small intestine and the spleen, and posterior to the stomach

A

pancreas

104
Q

the endocrine cells of the pancreas are located within small clusters called

A

pancreatic islets/ islets of langerhadns

105
Q

2 primary cell types that make up pancreatic islets

A

alpha and beta

106
Q

What do the delta cells of the pancreas secrete?

A

somatostatinj

107
Q

What do the F cells of the pancreas secrete?

A

pancreatic polypeptide

108
Q

small, cone-shaped structure forming the posterior region of the epithalamus within the diencephalon

A

pineal gland

109
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands?

A

on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

110
Q

thymus

A

bilobed organ its a lympcyte one

111
Q
A

A+P 2 (8 decks)

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