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Vertebrate CHapter 8-16 > chapter 17-23 > Flashcards

chapter 17-23 Flashcards

1
Q

Rectilinear motion

A

large-bodied snakes
Slow movement
belly scales are alternately lifted

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2
Q

Lateral undulation

A

common locomotion

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3
Q

Concertina Locomotion

A
  • involves alternately pulling
    crawling through tunnels
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4
Q

Sidewinding

A

snakes crawling on smooth
or slippery surfaces

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5
Q

Snakes - Chemosensory

A

pit-like Jacobson’s organs
(vomeronasal organ) in the roof of the
mouth, which are olfactory organs.

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6
Q

Snakes - Thermosensor species

A

(pit vipers such as
rattlesnakes) have heat-sensitive pit

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7
Q

Predation Snakes

A

grabbing it and swallowing
kill their prey by constriction
venom

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8
Q

Colubrid snakes

A

have Duvernoy’s gland = homologous to
venom gland of vipers/elapids

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9
Q

Neurotoxic

A

nervous system or muscle function

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10
Q

Cytotoxic

A

breaks down and digests tissue

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11
Q

Hemotoxi

A

causing blood to congeal, or lowering blood pressure, immobolized

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12
Q

Aglyphous

A

no fangs

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13
Q

Opisthoglyphus

A

rear fangs

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14
Q

Solenoglyphus

A

= large hollow fangs, rotate forward

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15
Q

Proteroglyphus

A

fixed, hollow fangs on front of maxilla

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16
Q

Shell and Skeleton turtles

A

Ribs and vertebrae are fused to the shell and the head and
limbs can be

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17
Q

Plastron formed mostly from
dermal ossification

A

Entoplastron from interclavicle
* Epiplastra from clavicles
prototherians, crocodilians, and birds.

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18
Q

furcula

A

Birds - retain the clavicle and the
interclavicle joins to the two clavicles

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19
Q

One hinge:

A

box turtles the anterior and
posterior ends of the plastron can be
raised to close off the front and rear
openings of the shell.

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20
Q

Two hinges:

A

mud turtles there are two hinges,
plastron is often reduced, so “closing”
isn’t as complete

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21
Q

Cryptodira

A

Hidden-necked turtle

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22
Q

Suborder PPleurodira –

A

Side-necked turtles

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23
Q

Tubercle

A

protuberances of skin

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24
Q

Barbels:

A

whisker-like protuberances
usually on chin

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25
Keel:
ridge along midline of carapace
26
Serrations:
jagged edge usu along shell or beak
27
Vent
same thing as cloaca
28
makes normal breathing impossible
Fusion of ribs to shells
29
Lungs are attached to carapace
dorsally and laterally; to viscera ventrally via connective tissue
30
Turtles: respiration
Downward movement of viscera pulls lungs down, expanding space, allows inhalation
31
Softshell turtle respiration
leathery skin
32
septum - turtle
that partially divides the ventricle into separate left and right chambers.
33
Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination
Higher incubation temperatures produce the larger sex, which in turtles is female
34
parental care-turtle
Generally no parental care
35
Sea turtles: eggs
100 or so eggs on sandy beaches. When the young hatch they must escape a host of waiting predators
36
Box turtles repro
only a handful of eggs are laid at a time
37
Navigation by sea turtles: * Evidence suggests baby loggerheads use three cues:
Light – move toward bright light at hatching 2. Wave direction – swim into the waves 3. Magnetism – tells them direction and latitude (orientation)
38
Tactile cues:
male fanning females (aquatic spp), biting, ramming
39
Olfactory:
tortoises can produce pheromones (
40
Sympatric
ivsual cues for turtle; esp when there are multiple species in the same pond
41
Mobile Gastral
muscle from pelvis inserts on gastralia to help increase volume of chest and allow inhalation
42
Crocodylians and birds losely related to
Archosaurian
43
Characteristics of Diapsids
Antorbital fenestra Fourth Trochanter- femur
44
Types of motion: Crocodilia
crawling walking belly sliding galloping
45
specialist fish predator
Gharial
46
quadrate bone fixed allows
skull strength
47
teeth set in
sockets
48
Feeding
Broad snout (alligators, b) = crushing hard prey * Wedge-shaped snout (crocs, c) = varied diet * Slender snout (gavials, d) = fish
49
secondary pala
allows breathing during feeding
50
Foramen of panizza
connects the left and right aorta.
51
Ornithischians and Saurischian
Dinosaur
52
Two branches of Archosaurs
Pseudosuchia = Crocodylomorpha – Avemetatarsalia = Pterosaurs, “dinosaurs” and birds
53
Ornithischians similar
similar to that of birds, but did
54
Therapods
carnivorous lineage of Saurischian dinosaurs furcula
55
Coelurosaur lineage of Therapods include
Tyrannasuroides – T-Rex – Maniraptorans = “predators that grasp with hands”, but were also feathered
56
Maniraptorans
Name refers to highly flexible wrist * Appearance of feathers
57
Evolution of features: birds
Loss of bones in hands – down to 3 of birds * Hollow bones * Furcula * Toothless beak
58
Pneumatization of non-cranial bones
Air spaces in bones = lighten skeleton
59
Uncinate processes
extra projection off rib surface; help strengthen rib cage and help with inspiration
60
Avian Characters in Nonavian birds
Notable reduction in body size
61
cursorial hypothesis
Ground-up Wing-assisted incline running fossil of Microraptor gui
62
arboreal hypothesis
Trees-down
63
Reptilian features: Archaeopteryx
Skull with teeth * Lacked fused structures like the keel, pygostyle * Long bony tail * Forearms with clawed digits
64
characterised by:
Reduced body sizes – Feathers – Streamlining – Skeletal modifications to reduce weight – beak with no teeth (ancient birds had teeth) – Internal fertilization and hardshelled amniotic egg – high metabolic rate – endothermic – four-chambered heart – reduced tail – breathing by lungs and associated air sacs
65
Functions feather
Flight 2. Heat Conservation * Reduced convective and evaporative heat loss * Increased insulation 3. Camouflage 4. Protection 5. Behaviors (courtship, defense)
66
(pterylae)
Arranged in tracts
67
(apteria)
separated by regions of unfeathered skin
68
Five standard types: Feathers
Contour Semiplumes: Down Bristles: Filoplumes
69
Molting
the process of feather replacemen
70
Structural Requirements for Flight
Rigid vertebral column synsacrum pygostyle furculum uncinate processes on ribs
71
To fly: both horizontal thrust and vertical lift are required
* Gravity & Lift - airfoil * Drag & Thrust
72
Pectoralis major
Adducts and depresses wing
73
Suprocoracoideus major -
Abducts and elevates the wing
74
Triosseal canal
coracoid, scapula and furcula
75
supracoracoideus tendon
inserts on the dorsal face of the humerus
76
Anisodacyl foot
four moderately long toes
77
Zygodactyl foot
two toes forward, two toes back for climbing
78
Uropygial Gland
Large preen gland for oil production
79
“crop milk
fat laden cells in fluid; high lipid/protein but no sugar
80
Foregut Fermentation
crop as a fermentation chamber.
81
Anterior glandular stomach = Proventriculus Posterior muscular stomach = Gizzard
82
Avian lung
Anterior air sacs – Posterior air sacs
83
proportionally much larger tympanic membranes
enhances sensitivity to sound

Vertebrate CHapter 8-16 (3 decks)

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