Sarcoptergians Flashcards
(223 cards)
1
Q
Challenges to living on land?
A
Gravity
Movement- limbs
Eating
Breathing- lungs
Circulatory
Endothermy
Sensory- no lateral like
Conserving water
2
Q
Modern Fish out of water examples
A
Walking catfish
Eels
Snakeheads
Gobies
3
Q
Example of fish movement out of water
A
Climbing perch- use edges of gill plates, fins, and tails
Mudskipper- live in mudflaps
4
Q
Purpose of amniotic eggs?
A
Allowed tetrapod to live independently of water for reproduction
5
Q
Fingerlike projection adaptation example
A
Frogfish move along sea floor
6
Q
Adaptations for movement out of water
A
Limbs with digits
Ankles/wrists
Pelvic girdle
Neck
Kidneys instead of gills
7
Q
Choana
A
Opening between nasal cavity and nasopharynx creating upper throat
8
Q
Features of tetrapodomorpha
A
Choana
1-2 bone pattern
Reduction and loss of cosmine in scales and dermal bones
9
Q
Tetrapod limb consists of
A
Humerus
ulna
radius
carpals
phalanges
10
Q
Eustenopteron, Pandericthys, and Tiktaalik are known as:
A
Basal Tetrapodomorphs
11
Q
Tetrapods are derived from
A
Rhipidistians- boney fish
12
Q
Eusthenopteron and earliest tetrapods share?
A
Skull bones- bones cover gills, snout bone elongated, and 6 appendicular bones
13
Q
Did Eusthenopteron have lungs, why do we assume so, why do we not?
A
No fossils of lungs but sister group lungfish have lungs.
14
Q
Difference between Eusthenopteron and Pandericthys
A
Body flatten
Upward eye
Straight tail
No anal/dorsal tail
Humerus- prop head up
15
Q
The similarity between Eusthenopteron and Pandericthys (eating)
A
Labrinthodont teeth: folded sheet soft enamel
16
Q
Tiktaalik fish like features
A
scales
lower jaw
fin rays
gills developed
pelvic girdle detached
17
Q
Tiktaalik roseae tetrapod characteristics
A
No bony gills
ear structured to hear
pectoral girdle sep. from the skull
mobile neck
ribs thick
wrist & elbow& chest muscles ; pushups
18
Q
Acanthostega and Icthyostega have:
A
Lost fin rays
Shoulder and hip bones
Sturdy limbs
Strong spine
Elongated snout
Eyes further in skull
digits
19
Q
Two lineages of tetrapods
A
temnospondyls : non-amniotic
Reptiliomorpha: amniotic
20
Q
Temnospondyls lead to..
A
Lissamphibia modern amphibians
21
Q
Reptiliomorpha lead to
A
Amniotes: Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
22
Q
Synapomorphies of Crown Tetrapods
A
Caecilians, Salamanders, Frogs, Amniotes
23
Q
Tetrapod characteristics
A
Paired limbs - hindlimbs& forelimbs
Mobile necks - pectoral girdle
First vertebrate - atlas articulates with occipital condyles allowing skull to nod
Hypomandibular bone for jaws originally and then hearing
24
Q
Temnospondyli closely related to
A
Lissamphibia
25
Two lineages of Temnospondyls
Stereospondyll & Dissorophoidea
26
Stereospondyli are
Caecelians - Gymnophiona
27
Dissorophoidea are
Salamander ( caudata) & Frogs (Anura)
28
Sauropsida lead to
Parareptilla & Reptile
29
Reptilia lead to
Tuatara& lizards (Lepidosauromorpha)
Turtle (testudines)
Crocodilians (Pseudosuchia)
Birds (Avemetatarsalia)
30
4 skeletal characters of amniotes
Lateral flange on pterygoid bones - origin of pterygoideus muscle used to close the jaw
2nd cervical vertebrate
Ankle bones- astragalus bone & Mesotarsal joint
2+ sacral vertebrate
amphibian 1
Reptile/bird 2
Mammal 3-5
31
Extraembryonic membrane
Amnion
Allantois- a storage place for nitrogenous waste
Chorion
32
Anapsids
Solid skull with no openings
Turtles and their ancestor
33
Synapsids
One pair of openings in the skull ass. with attachment of jaw muscles
Mammals & ancestors
34
Diapsids
Two pairs of openings in the skull roof
Lizards, Snakes, Crocodilians, Birds, and ancestor
35
Derived conditions for mammal
Fenestras merge with eye orbit
36
Derived conditions for Lizards & Snakes
bony bars lost
37
Derived conditions for Turtles
Diapsid condition lost as fenestra close
38
Adaptations to challenges (7)
locomotion
gravity
endothermy
water conservation
sensory
eating
breathing
blood uphill
39
Gravity adaptations- bone
Compact bone - dense and cancellous bone - light
Axial system vertebrae and ribs, zygopophysis resist twisting
Skelton- cranium, cervical, trunk, sacral, caudal
40
The synapsid conflict between locomotion and Respiration
Locomotion and Compresing rib cage for ventilation cannot occur simultaneously
The diaphragm separates body cavities & movements of the trunk
41
The saurapisd conflict between locomotion and Respiration
Bipedal locomotion using only limbs for locomotion and not trunk axial muscles
42
Lissamphibia
all 3 modern groups of amphibian
43
For amphibian : Kingdom, class, phylum, subphylum, subclass, order
Kingdom- Animalia
class- Amphibia
phylum- chordata
subphylum- vertebrata
subclass- Lissamphiibia
order
anura Frogs& Toads
caudata Tailed salamander
gymnophiona Naked snake- caecilians
44
Propel the frog into a jump and to support its landing
urostyle
45
What structure is used for hearing in the frog?
tympanic membrane
46
Urostyle
Fusion of the caudal vertebrae.
Important structure for jumping.
The last of the 10 vertebrae in a frog.
47
Selective forces from water to land?
escape drying pools of water?
– exploit new food sources on land?
– escape predators in the crowded waters?
– dispersal of juveniles?
– lay eggs in moist environments?
48
Advantages of terrestrial activity to tetrapodomprphs
More feeding opportunity
More movement
49
Acanthostega
8 digits
possessed gills - post branchial lamina on the fish-like shoulder girdle supports the opercular chamber
Ears- hear in water
Developed olecranon process - tricepe muscle
50
Ichthyostega
Smaller tail fin
Longer, large shoulders
7 digits
walk underwater
lateral line
salamander- like
51
Evolved muscles
Tiktaalik roseae- chest muscles
- Ball n socket rotate forearm
Hinge joint bends elbow
52
Bones evolved - first two tetrapods
Zygopophyses - interlocking
wrist bones
fin rays
supralittoral & opercular bones lost
Overlapping ribs
Ilium dorsally w/o sacral contact with vertebral column
53
Are amphibians monophyletic or paraphyletic?
monophyletic
54
Are reptiles monophyletic or paraphyletic?
paraphyletic of amniotes
55
What gave rise to amphibians
Temnospondyls
56
What gave rise to amniotes
Reptiliomorphs
57
Function of Fenestrations
Bigger and more complex jaw muscles
changes to adductor mandibularis muscle actions
changes to open/close of mouth
Reduce stress on skull
58
Astragulus
in ankle fused with 3 formerly independent proximal tarsal bones
59
Mesotarsal joint
Ankle joint of amniotes passed between the astragalus and calcaneus proximally and smaller distal tarsal bones for limb extension
60
Avemetatarsalian (dinosaurs & birds) adaptation
evolutionary changes in the ankle joints for bipedality and running
61
Examples of extinct reptiliomorphs outside Amniota
Archosauria- dinasours
62
Amniotic egg – structure, and membranes
Shell- protection
Albumin- water storage
Yolk- energy storage
Extraembryonic
Amnion - embryo develops
Allantois- nitrogenous waste storage
Allantois & Chorion- blood vessel, exchange gases
63
Theory of Development
-Earliest amniotes were probably
amphibious or semi-aquatic
- Inhabited humid environments and eggs
may have been laid out of water initially perhaps to reduce their risk of predation
64
Cladistic classification of amniotes
groups the amniotes on the basis of
common ancestry
65
Traditional classification
Based on clade features
Reptilia: reptiles – Aves: birds – Mammalia: mammals
66
Anapsids
– solid skull with no openings
– turtles and their ancestors
67
Bone adaptations
Compact bone - dense and is found on the outside of bone
Cancellous bone- light, spongy & found
in the inner tissue of bone and at the
joints.
Axial system - cranium, cervical, trunk vertebrate, ribs, zygophoysis, sacral, caudal
68
Allometry & effects
study of scaling
effect of gravity, SA, height, and weight
69
Eating adaptations on land
No suction feeding
Jaws, tongue, teeth, muscle
Bolus go into pharynx
Sticky Tongue
Salivary glands in terrestrial animals
70
Breathing air
Tital breathing (negative and positive pressure)
low viscosity
High oxygen
Lungs have more SA fro gas exchange
71
Lung evolution
Swim bladder in fish
Paired lungs in tetrapods
72
Ancestral forms: axial muscles of trunk had
two functions:
bend the trunk for locomotion
and compress the rib cage for ventilating the
lungs – These cannot occur simultaneously.
73
Synapsid modification
Diaphragm separates the body cavities and now
movements of the trunk (and internal organs)
now help with respiration.
74
Saurapsid modification:
bipedal locomotion using only limbs for locomotion
and not trunk axial muscles
75
Synapsids lung
Alveolar lung, Tree-like dichotomous branching patterns, Uses Tidal ventilation
76
Sauropsids
Faveolar lung, cuplike chambers (faveoli) line the walls of the lung or airways (parabronchi) for gas
exchange, 0-3 parabronchi, One directional flow of
air.
77
Pumping Blood Uphill water
Effects of gravity are negligible
The force of heart = only enough to overcome fluid
resistance traveling through vessels.
78
Pumping Blood Uphill- air
Evolution of the lymphatic system to collect leaked
fluids
more mass more resistance
Movement of heart location closer to lungs =
loss of sinus venosus and conus arteriosus
79
Circulatory System in fish
Sing: one atrium and one ventricle
inus venous and conous (or bulbus) arteriosus are
present in front and behind the heart respectfully.
heart is located close to the gills above the pectoral fins
80
Circulatory System in Tetrapods
db circuit: one path is deoxygenated and the other is oxygenated
heart moved posteriorly behind the shoulders
3-chamber and 4-chambers
Adaptations for diving tetrapods
81
Vision in water challenges
can be murky and refractive index of
cornea similar to water
82
Vision in air
The lens is flatter and focusing usually
By changing shape of lens eyelids
Protection tear ducts for lubricant production, nasolacrimal duct to drain tears
83
Hearing in water
sound waves pass freely from water into
animal tissues and hair cells can be directly
stimulated within lateral line system
84
Hearing in air & Sauropsids
Air: Not dense enough to move cilia of hair cells* Middle ear bones to amplify signals from tympanum and transmit to inner ear hair cells – Sauropsids = only have stapes & tympanum on head surface
85
Smell in water
chemical signals transmit more slowly
86
Smell in air
Scents deposited for territorial marking
Signals travel faster
- Ethomoturbinates = olfactory surfaces for location of odor receptors
- Nasoturbinates = moisten air
- Vomeronasal organ – unique organ in anterior roof of mouth used for chemosensory function esp. with pheromones
- Flehman response in ungulates (hoof stock) – flaring of lips to draw air into vomeronasal organ; usually males to detect females in hea
87
Tetrapods – emphasis on conserving water
-Descending loop of Henle, aquaporins in
collecting ducts to reclaim more water before
urine travels down ureter to collect in urinary
bladder
-Urinary bladder = urinate in specific locations for scent marking or avoid detection by predators
-Skin: keratin, lipids and oils in the skin help limit
evaporative water loss
1. Cutaneous water loss
2. Respiratory water loss
3. Excretory water loss
88
Body temperature- water
thermoconformers; some have
regional heterothermy using muscle
metabolism and countercurrent exchangers.
Heat capacity of water and heat conductivity
are both high
89
Body temperature- air
Thermoregulation more significant
Air is less stable for regulating temperature
90
Amphibian skin
Characterized by a moist
permeable skin
limits the environments
91
Anurans and salamanders skin
moisture from the soil
anurans- pelvic patch highly permeable to water
92
Example of amphibian that has high permeable skin
Giant Toads
93
Mucous glands
Produce mucopolysaccharides
retain moisture, aid in GE
animal slippery- defense
94
Granular glands & example
produce noxious and
sometimes toxic secretions
example
-warts and parotid glands of toads,
-dorsolateral ridges of Rana frogs
-agitated cane toad emitting toxins
(white material) from parotid gland.
95
Poison glands toxins, effects and species
– Vasoconstrictors
– hemolytic substances
– Neurotoxins
– Hallucinogens
– localized irritation
– Hypothermia
– Convulsions
– Paralysis
salamanders and caecilians
Rough skinned newt highly toxic, garter snakes resist
salamander Bolitoglossa rostrata- paralyze
96
Genera of brightly colored Neotropical
frogs
Dendrobates
Phyllobates
Epipedobates
97
Effect of steroidal alkaloids in their skin
blocking nerve transmissions, which can result in cardiac arrest and death
98
Dendrobatidae species, medicine, and other use
"dart frogs"
most toxic of poison dart frog species is
Phyllobates terribilis
muscle relaxants and heart stimulants
tribes of Colombian Indians for blowguns
for food
99
"dart frogs" skin secretion medicine
painkiller called epibatidine
bacteria-killing antibiotic peptide called
magainin has been isolated from the skin
of the African clawed frog
100
coloration uses
Aposematic = warning coloration
Mimicry
101
Mimicry types
Cryptic = resembling its
environment; “camouflage”
Batesian = harmless species starts to look like aposematic species
Müllerian = two different species
take on similar warning coloration
102
Gas exchange through gills amphibian ex
In larval salamanders and caecilians
neotony
Cryptobranchus possess both gills and lungs
103
Neoteny:
larval form that fails to
undergo metamorphosis
104
Paedomorphosis:
retention of ancestral juvenile characteristics in a
descendant adult species
105
Paedogenesis
in the larval state
106
anuran tadpoles gills
gills are concealed behind a flap of tissue
and water flows through the mouth across the gills and out of a spiracle.
– When anuran tadpoles metamorphose into adults the gills are reabsorbed.
107
force pump mechanism & species
-Air enters the oral cavity through the nostrils
– nostrils close
– floor of mouth is raised forcing air into the lungs and prevented from escaping by a sphincter
muscle
frogs and toads
108
Lepidobatrachus and Ceratophrys Feeding
enormous heads relative to their
body size eat other frogs
109
Amphibian teeth
homodont
palate and jaw
grasp and hold prey
110
Pedicellate teeth
amphibian teeth
are made of dentine and are
separated by a narrow layer of
uncalcified dentine
111
Tongue protrusion mechanism, example
sticky tongue
Hydromantes, some anurans, such as Rana and Bufo
When the tongue is everted the whole tongue skeleton leaves the mouth
112
Caecilans have rudimentary
tongues
cannot be everted.
113
Reproduction: Anurans type, location, parental care, metamorphosis dev
external
amplexus
quick development metamorphosis
– limbs develop
– tail shortens by reabsorption
– gills are lost
larvae fall in when they hatch
mouth, stomach or pressed into soft
skin on their backs
114
Excemption to Reproduction: Anurans
Internal fertilization in a few species
Tailed from of Pacific Northwast
Extension of the cloaca (“tail”) is used for placing
sperm into the female cloaca
115
Anuran Reproduction alternative modes & examples
Gastric (stomach) brooding- Rheobatrachus
Mouth brooder- Darwin’s frog
Midwife brooder- Midwife toad
Pouch brooder- Surinam toads
116
Reproduction: Caudates
Internal fertilization-
A. Male pushes spermataphore into female’s cloaca.
B. Female picks up spermataphore with cloaca.
External fertilization Female deposits eggs on spermatophore
1. Orientation.
2. Physical Contact
3. Tail-straddling Walk
4. Pheromone Delivery
5. Spermatophore Deposition
6. Insemination
117
Pheromone Delivery- caudates
* Desmognathus and Eurycea
– Spreads secretion of mental gland onto female’s skin
– Slices the skin with his teeth to get it into her
* Some Desmognathus – use specialized mandibular teeth to bite and stimulate female
* Salamandridae (newts) family – rub female’s snout with hedonic glands on their cheeks, chin or cloaca
118
Reproduction: Caudates Maternal care
– Aquatic species: lay eggs in water; gelatinous mass.
– Terrestrial species: lay eggs in damp soil.
larva that looks like a smaller version of the adult
the lungless plethodontids no aquatic larval stage
– Some species guard eggs (e.g., dusky salamander)
– A few viviparous species
119
eft
terrestrial species larvae transform into a juvenile
stage
sexually mature these return to water to breed
120
Reproduction: Caecilians types, organs, parental car
internal fertilization
intromittent organ = general term for external organ for sperm delivery
- oviparous with aquatic larvae
-oviparous with young developing directly into terrestrial young
-majority viviparous& matrotrophic
(feeding directly on the mother)
-have teeth (shed after birth), which they use to scrape the the epithelial lining of the oviduct to obtain nutrition "uterine milk"
121
Anuran calling behavior when, how
most breeding occurs at night
males call to attract females
Calling is energetically expensive
122
Advertising Calls:
Territorial calls
‘back off'
low groan
123
Distress calls:
attacked by a predator
high-pitched scream or wail
124
Warning call
startled or disturbed
short grunt or squawk
125
Release calls
female frog that has already bred
126
Explosive breeding:- anurans
breeding season
is a few days
127
Prolonged breeding
breeding season extends for several months
128
Anuran Tadpoles feeding habits
Filter feeders
Grazers: beaks for scraping algae off surfaces
Carnivores Southern spadefoot toad has a carnivorous and herbivorous morph (phenotypic plasticity)
129
Anuran metamorphosis stages: regulated by thyroxine released from thyroid
1. Premetamorphosis: tadpoles increase in size.
2. Prometamorphosis: hind legs appear; slower growth.
3. Metamorphic climax: forelegs appear and tail regresses; rapid portion of metamorphosis (when frog is most vulnerable).
130
Costal grooves - anuran
grooves present
along the sides of the bodies
131
mental gland- anuran
cluster of glands on
the chin of a male salamander, most
noticeable during the breeding season
132
Cloaca -
common passage or cavity
of the digestive, reproductive, and
excretory systems
133
Nasolabial grooves
family Plethodontidae
Narrow grooves that extend from the nostrils
to the mouth
134
Acanthal ridges
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus
Ridges (with light lines) extending from the eyes
to the nostrils
135
Keeled tail
knife edge along its dorsal (top) surface.
Common in aquatic spp.
136
cirrus; cirri
slender elongations of the upper lip on
some male salamanders, one
hanging below each nostril at the
bottom of the nasolabial groove
137
Family Ambystomatidae
Mole Salamanders
marbled, spotted
Terrestrial burrowers
138
Family Amphiumidae
paedomorphic
fully aquatic
Retain limbs, eyelids, and teeth
gill slits
139
Family Cryptobranchidae
Hellbenders
Well-developed legs, gill slits as adults
* External gills only as larvae
Largest extant
140
Family Plethodontidae
Lungless Salamanders
Most diverse
Nasolabial grooves- aid in chemoreception
arisen out of the Appalachian Mountains
141
Family Plethodontidae- Bolitoglossine
Tongue-projecting salamanders
Primarily Neotropical
142
Family Proteidae
Waterdogs and Mudpuppies
4 well-developed legs
Large gills, caudal fins
obligate neotenes, possessing external gills and a tail fin.
143
Family Salamandridae
Newts
144
Family Sirenidae
Large, eel-like, external gills, fully aquatic
Lack pelvic girdle and hind limbs
145
Specializations for jumping
hind legs are very enlarged and elongate
zygapophyses that limit lateral bending
ilium has been elongated
Caudal and sacral vertebrae fused into urostyle.
flexible pectoral girdle
Shortening of body
Semimembranosus muscle of hind leg
146
Flash colors
Hyla spp.
colored patches on the rear of the hind legs
147
Microhylid head fold
Gastrophryne spp
fold in the skin
behind the head
148
Dorsolateral fold (ridge)
glandular tissue that
extends from the rear
margin of the
tympanum along the
back toward the hind
legs
149
Parotoid glands
wart-like
skin gland on the
back, neck, and
shoulder of toads
and some
salamanders
150
Pelobatid spade
a dark scale-like
structure on the hind
feet of spadefoot
toads that is used
for digging
Scaphiopus spp
151
Toe pads
enlarged pads at the ends of the toes- projecting
papillae separated by small gaps
Mucus glands secrete a viscous fluid- surface
tension and viscosity holds the frog in place
Hyla spp.
152
Tympanum
External ear drum
Rana spp.
males = larger than eye
females = same size as eye or smaller
153
Vertical pupil
elliptical pupil in
some frogs
Scaphiopus spp
154
Warts
raised areas on the
backs of some toads
Bufo spp.
155
Webbed feet
webbing between
the toes of the hind
feet Rana spp
156
Family Bufonidae
True Toads
Prominent skin glands (wart
horizontal
pupils
no teeth
Stocky build, parotoid glands,
157
Bufo americanus
American Toad
Chest usually spotted* Enlarged warts on tibia* Parotoid gland separate
from cranial crest
(sometimes connected
by a small spur
158
Bufo fowleri
Fowler’s Toad
Three or more warts per
patch
* Unspotted chest
* No enlarged warts of tibia* Parotoid gland touches
cranial ridge
159
Bufo terrestris
Southern Toad
Pronounced knobs on a
high cranial crest
* Light middorsal stripe
160
Family Pelobatidae
Spadefoot Toads
Explosive reproductive habit
pupils are vertical
161
Eastern Spadefoot
Scaphiopus holbrookii
Sickle shaped spade on hind
foot
Two yellowish lines on
back
162
Family Microhylidae
Narrowmouth frogs and toads
Worldwide distribution
163
Eastern Narrowmouth Toad
Gastrophryne carolinensis
Pointed snout
* Head fold
* Belly mottled
164
Family Hylidae
Treefrogs
165
Northern Cricket Frog
Acris crepitans
Treefrogs
Dark stripe on thigh is
not clean cut
* Head blunt * Short hind leg
* Extensive foot webbing
166
Hyla avivoca
Bird-voiced Treefrog
Yellowish green on hind
legs
* Smaller than Gray treefrog
167
Hyla cinerea -
Green Treefrog
Bright green frog* White lateral stripe
168
Hyla versicolor/chrysoscelis
Gray Treefrog/ Cope’s
Bright orange or golden
yellow concealed on
thigh
* Warts present
* Only tell apart by call
169
Pseudacris crucifer
Spring Peeper
Dark “X” on back
* Small
* small pads on toes
* dorsal coloration can
vary from gray to brown
170
Pseudacris feriarum
Upland Chorus Frog
Body is brown or gray.
* Belly is creamy, and there may
be dark specks on the chest
* Dark lateral stripe
* Three longitudinal stripes
171
Family Ranidae
True Frogs
172
Rana catesbeiana
- Bullfrog
Plain green frog* No dorsolateral ridges* Tip of fourth toe extends
beyond webbing
173
Rana clamitans
Green/Bronze Frog
Dorsolateral ridges ending
halfway down body
* Very large
* Green or "bronze" (usually rather
patternless)
* Tympanum large
* Belly white with dark, wormlike
markings
174
Rana palustris
Pickerel Frog
Square spots in two parallel
rows
* Bright yellow or orange on
concealed portions of legs
175
Rana sphenocephala
Southern Leopard Frog
Complete dorsolateral
ridge
* Round/oval spots on bac
176
Rana sylvatica
Wood Frog
Brown frog with a
black mask
* Prominent
dorsolateral folds
* Explosive breeder
177
Order Gymnophiona
Caecilians:
Degenerate or missing eyes
Limbless burrowing, aquatic
Annuli: dermal folds overlaying underlying myomeres
protrusible tentacles near eyes used for mechanoreception
178
Papilla
amhibiorum
Specialized neuromast
organ in sacculus of inner
ear
* sensory hair cells that
translate the vibrations in
the fluid into nerve signals
* Detects low frequencies
179
Basilar papillae:
Hair cell system – detects
high frequencies
180
Operculum-columella complex
Two bones in middle ear that transmit
sound to inner ear
high / low frequency system
Vibration via leg bones / scapula
Frogs & Salamanders; Predator / prey detection
181
Levatator Bulbi muscle
Bulges eye outward
Increases buccal cavity
Increases view:
Helps swallow:
182
Disease
Iridoviruses infect a variety of salamanders
chytridiomycosis form motile zoospores in water
interferes with respiration and
control of water flow and kills adult frogs
183
Phylogenetic relationships of Lepidosauria
Key features: – Keratinous scales – Transverse cloaca – Hemipenes: two-part reproductive organ – Determinate growth: growth stops at genetically determined point – Presence/absence of temporal bars
184
Diversity of Lepidosaurs
Order Rhycocephalia - tuatara
Order Squamata - lizards and snakes
185
Diapsid Skull
Upper temporal bar = squamosal &
postorbital bones
* Lower temporal bar = jugal & quadratojugal
bones
= 2 fenestra like tuatara
1 fenetra - lizard
none- snake
186
Rhynchocephalians
Family Sphenodontidae - tuatara
diapsid skull – parietal “third eye”
on the top of its skull. day-night cycle
lens, cornea, and retina
Create shearing effect
nocturnal problem = body temp
live in seabird burrows
187
Create shearing effect
When they bite the single row
of teeth on the lower jaw fits
between those on the upper
jaw
188
Determinate growth of Squamates
small enough to survive on insects
during their lifetime
* Other reptiles: crocodylians and turtles, continue growing throughout their lives
189
amphisbaenians
lizards
legless
190
Lizards characteristcs
Good vision- external ear
eyelids
4 legs
Ectothermic
uric acid
keratinized skin
191
Features for ID
Markings - much like snakes
* Scale patterns & coloration (M/F)
* Limblessness
* Lateral fold along side of body
* Femoral pores
* SV length
* Keeled scales (like snakes)
* Dewlap
* Parietal eye - detects light
(stimulates pineal gland )
192
Suborder Iguania
Family Gekkonidae
examples
sticky toe pads
setae- modified scales
large eyes lack eyelids
vertical pupils
Hemidactylus turcicus - Mediterranean Gecko
Hemidactylus garnotii - Indo-Pacific Gecko
193
Suborder Iguania
Family Scincidae
Eumeces anthracinus
- Coal Skink
lack of a stripe down the center
of the back
one post mental scale
Fat ground skink
Smooth scales
Four lines including broad black
middorsal stripe
194
Suborder Iguania
Family Scincidae
Scincella lateralis
Ground Skink
Small golden brown skink
2 Dark dorsolateral stripes
Males develop yellow bellies
during breeding
195
Suborder Iguania
Family Scincidae
Eumeces egregius
Mole Skink
Six upper labials
Only skink with red or orange tail
Two rows of enlarged scales down
middle of back
Burrows in sand
196
Suborder Iguania
Family Scincidae
Eumeces fasciatus
Five-lined Skink
Five lines—lessen with age but usually
still visible
Caudal scales
Four labial scales
197
Suborder Iguania
Family Scincidae
Eumeces inexpectatus
Southeastern Five-lined Skink
5 labial scales
Five lines---fade in old males
198
Suborder Iguania
Family Scincidae
Eumeces laticeps
Broadhead Skink
Broadhead Skink
199
Suborder Iguania
Family Scincidae
Eumeces laticeps
Broadhead Skink
Broadhead Skink
200
Suborder Iguani
Family Amphisbaenia
Limblessness/legglessness
tunneling lizards
burrow
head is heavily keratinized
annuli encircle the body
integument has only a few connections
integumentary muscles
201
Suborder Iguani
Family Amphisbaenia
Rhineura floridana
Florida Worm Lizard
annuli
Pink or grayish
No limbs, ear openings, or external eyes
Dry Sandy habitats
202
Suborder Iguani
Family Chamaeleonidae
zygodactylous feet
most arboreal lizards
projecting their long tongue
203
Suborder Iguania
Family Phrynosomatidae
North American Spiny Lizards
squirt blood from their eyes
204
Suborder Iguania
Family Phrynosomatidae
Sceloporus undulatu
Eastern Fence lizard
Arboreal Lizard
Gray or brown lizard
Female—wavy lines on back
Keeled scales
205
Suborder Iguania
Family Iguanidae
Most large lizards are
herbivorous and many iguanas
are arboreal. In areas without
mammalian predators
206
Suborder: Iguania
Family Crotaphytidae
Collared Lizards – Leopard Lizards
207
Suborder: Iguania
Family Dactyloidae
Anolis carolinensis
Green Anole
Pink throat fan
* Ridged toe pads
208
Suborder: Iguania
Family Dactyloidae
Anolis sagrei
Brown Anole
Non-native species - Carribean
* Brown lizard with a white stripe down
its back
* Shorter snout than Green anole
209
Suborder Iguania
Family Helodermatidae
Beaded Lizards & Gila Monster
Venom glands are located in the lower jaw,
must chew on its victim to work the venom
into the flesh
210
Suborder Iguania
Family Anguidae
All are limbless
Have external ears, eyelids, inflexible jaws that easily differentiate them
from snakes
breaking their tail
211
Suborder Iguania
Family Anguidae
Ophisaurus attenuatus
Slender glass lizard
breaking their tail
Dry grasslands and dry open
woodlands
Variable dorsal pattern
212
Suborder Iguania
Family Anguidae
Ophisaurus ventralis
Eastern Glass Lizard
White marks on neck
May have one or more stripes
above lateral groove
213
Suborder Iguania
Family Anguidae
Ophisaurus compressus
Island Glass Lizard
single dark longitudinal stripe
on scale rows 3 and 4 above the
lateral groove, and, often, a
dark dorsal stripe
Numerous white markings on
neck
214
Suborder Iguania
Family Anguidae
Ophisaurus mimicus
Mimic Glass Lizard
Middorsal stripe present
* Three or four rows of spots
215
Suborder Iguania
Family Varanidae
Monitor Lizards
active predators
gular pump to assist the axial
muscles in lung ventilation- high activity
Komodo dragon - bit is full of bacteria
216
Suborder
Serpentes
* SNAKES
Limbless
Elongated body
Lack moveable eyelids
Lack external ear openings
Forked tongue
Shed skin in one piece
217
Characteristics of more derived
snakes:
Highly kinetic (flexible) skull
with numerous joints
* Broad belly scales
* Hollow venom fangs
218
Order Squamata
Suborder Serpentes: Snakes
infraorders
Infraorder Scoleocophidia
Infraorder Alethinophidia
Superfamily Colubroidea:
219
Suborder Serpentes
Infraorder Scoleocophidia
blindsnakes
paraphyletic group
Alethinophidia & Colubridea
Represent primitive condition for snakes
Blunt head and tail; tail ends in tiny spine – Shiny scales – Reduced eyes – surface dwelling snakes likely re-developed eyes after
long period of fossorial existance – Traces of pelvic girdle usu evident
220
Suborder Serpentes
Family Viperidae
true. and pit vipers
long fangs rest horizontally when
the mouth is closed (Solenoglyphous)
221
Viperidae in GA
Copperheads
* Cottonmouths
* Rattlesnakes
222
Suborder Serpentes
Family Elapidae
Venomous, short fangs = Proteroglyphous
functionally hollow fangs
mambas, cobras,
kraits and
sea snakes- tail is laterally flattened, Nostrils are located dorsally, primitive sea snakes lay eggs
on the land, but the more derived species give birth to live young.
Red on black, friend of Jack;
Red on yellow, nasty fellow
223
Suborder Serpentes
Family Colubridae
Only 1 carotid artery
* Skull extremely kinetic
* left lung is absent or very reduced in
size.
Rear-fanged = Opisthoglyphous - venomous
