Chapter 17 -Blood Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
blood
A
liquid connective tissue
2
Q
blood composition consistancy
A
regenerates and changes in composition constantly
3
Q
blood function
A
transport, protect, regulate
4
Q
what does blood transport
A
pickup CO2, waste and nutrients, delivers O2, hormones, and nutrients
5
Q
how does blood protect
A
provides inflammation, WBCs destroy pathogens, antibodies id pathogens
6
Q
what does blood regulate
A
pH, fluid balance, hormones
7
Q
formed elements of blood
A
erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
8
Q
erythrocytes are also called
A
Red Blood Cells
9
Q
leukocytes are also called
A
White Blood Cells
10
Q
thrombocytes are also called
A
platelets
11
Q
two major components of blood
A
formed elements and plasma
12
Q
plasma
A
ECM of blood
13
Q
plasma components
A
water, plasma proteins, dissolved substances
14
Q
largest component of plasma
A
water (92%)
15
Q
how is blood fractioned
A
centrifusion
16
Q
components of centrifuged blood
A
plasma, RBCs, Buffy Coat
17
Q
components of the buffy coat
A
WBCs and platelets
18
Q
blood osmolarity
A
amount of solutes dissolved in 1Kg of blood
19
Q
Blood osmolarity is determined by
A
substances in plasma
20
Q
blood osmolarity is regulated by
A
urinary system
21
Q
blood osmolarity affects
A
osmosis of RBCs
22
Q
raise blood osmolarity by
A
drinking less water, consuming electrolytes/salt
23
Q
lower blood osmolarity by
A
drinking water
24
Q
red blood cell structure
A
biconcave disc, no organelles, filled with hemoglobin, flexible plasma membrane
25
biconcave disc structure of RBCs allows
increased surface area
26
RBC plasma membrane has what 2 proteins
spectrin and actin
27
RBC function
carry oxygen from lungs to cells, pick up CO2 and deliver it to lungs
28
oxygen traveling in RBCs attach to
hemoglobin
29
hemoglobin structure
4 globin protein chains, heme pigment bound to each chain
30
steps of hemoglobin gas binding
1) O2 loaded in the lungs
2) O2 unloaded in the tissues
3) CO2 loaded in the tissues
31
O2 loading of hemoglobin in the lungs produces
oxyhemoglobin
32
O2 unloading of hemoglobin in tissues produces
deoxyhemoglobin
33
color of oxyhemoglobin
bright red
34
color of deoxyhemoglobin
dark red
35
CO2 loading of hemoglobin in tissues produces
carbaminohemoglobin
36
is a lot or only a little of CO2 transported by hemoglobin
a little
37
erythropoiesis
RBC production
38
how long does erythropoiesis take
3-5 days
39
where does erythropoiesis occur
red bone marrow
40
erythropoietin
hormone stimulating erythropoiesis
41
erythropoietin is secreted by
the kidney
42
erythropoietin is released in response to
hypoxia
43
hypoxia
low O2 level
44
causes of hypoxia
blood loss, RBC deconstruction, iron deficiency, low atmospheric O2
45
effect of testosterone of erythropoiesis
increases erythropoietin synthesis
46
is RBC count higher in males or females and why
males, testosterone
47
leukocytes make up what percentage of blood volume
1%
48
least abundant formed element
leukocyte
49
most common location of leukocytes
connective tissue
50
composition of leukocytes
organelles, lots of lysosomes
51
function of leukocytes
immunity
52
non specific granules
lysosomes found in all leukocytes
53
specific granules
not lysosomes, granules that stain well
54
two categories of leukocytes
granulocytes and agranulocytes
55
white blood cells are also called
leukocytes
56
granulocytes
have specific granules
57
agranulocytes
don't have specific granules
58
types of granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
59
types of agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
60
most common type of WBC
neutrophil
61
neutrophil function
antibacterial
62
first type of WBC to respond to infection
neutrophil
63
eosinophil function
fight parasite
63
acid staining granules
eosinophils
64
second rarest WBC
Eosinophil
65
basophil funtion
releases histamine and heparin to increase inflammation
66
basic staining granules
basophil
67
most rare type of WBC
basophil
68
lymphocyte function
kill infected cells and pathogens, produce antibodies, present antigens
69
which type of WBC provides long-term immunity
lymphocyte
70
second most common WBC
lymphocyte
71
monocyte function
clear cellular debris
72
monocytes differentiate into
macrophages in connective tissues
73
third rarest WBC
monocyte
74
which type of WBC has no immune function
monocyte
75
which type of WBC is highly phagocytic
moncyte
76
colony forming units
premature group of a WBC
77
colony forming units are derived from
common stem cells
78
how are colony forming units stimulated
in response to infection
79
how are colony forming units secreted
by lymphocytes and macrophages
80
granulocyte life length in blood
4-8 hours
81
granulocyte life length in connective tissue
4-5 days
82
agranulocyte life length compared to granulocyte
much longer than granulocytes
83
platelets are also called
thrombocytes
84
second more common formed element
platelets
85
platelet structure
cell fragments
86
platelet composition
mitochondria, granules, no nucleus
87
platelet function
blood clotting
88
hemostasis
blood clotting
89
thrombopoiesis
platelet formation
90
how are platelets formed
by sheering off of the processes of megakarocytes
91
megakarocytes
giant cells living in red bone marrow
92
hemostasis steps
vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation
93
vascular spasm
constriction of broken vessels
94
vascular spasm is caused by
pain receptors, smooth muscle injury
95
what hormone releases platelets
serotonin
96
platelet plug
platelets sticking together
97
when don't platelets stick together
in unbroken vessels because of smooth muscle and the tunica intima coated with prostacyclin
98
when do platelets stick together
in broken vessels because they stick to collagen fibers and rough surfaces
99
how do platelets activate when sticking
grow pseudopods and go through degranulation to attract more platelets
100
what do platelet plugs produce
a loose closure
101
coagulation
tight closure of a broken blood vessel
102
two steps of coagulation
fibrinogen is converted to fibrin, which binds vessel walls and platelets together
103
two versions of fibrinogen activation
intrinsic and extrinsic mechanism
104
intrinsic mechanism is initiated by
platelets
105
extrinsic mechanism is initiated by
damaged blood vessels
106
is intrinsic or extrinsic mechanism faster
extrinsic
107
what does fibrinogen activation produce
activated factor X
108
fibrinogen Activation common final pathway steps
1. Factor X activates Prothrombin
2. Prothrombin -> Thrombin
3. Thrombin -> Fibrinogen
4. Fibrinogen -> Fibrin
5. Fibrin forms a polymer and clots
109
Fibrinogen Activation creates a positive/negative feedback loop
positive
